Everything Happens For a Reason Essay

I believe that everything sees for a reason. People change so that you can bunco to let go, things go wrong so that you appreciate them when theyre right, you believe lies so you last learn to sureness no one but yourself, and sometimes sincere things excise apart so better things can fall together. Marilyn Monroe. I believe in everything happens for a reason. Have you ever thought astir(predicate) everything that takes place might have a reason? Day by day you hurl mistakes you say the wrong things you show off you make someone else smiling you do a good deed etcetera But, those have reasons. You make a mistake because you dont deduct or didnt pay attention you make someone else smile because you have a good heart you show off because thats what everyone does you do a good dead because thats who you are. Everything happening for a reason is a way of coping with the disasters in someones life.People tend to question if everything does happen for a reason and thats because most refer to a higher power such as God. They tend to wonder if the drastic situations that happen, really did have a cerebrate behind it. When someone tends to question a reasoning, most of the time, its because the remnant of a loved one. I have these feelings a lot. Why ? My vast grandfather died before I was born from suicide and my best peer also committed suicide last year. 10 old age past my grandfather died because he was a alcoholic, that same year my uncle passed from a stemma clot in his brain. My other grandfather passed away 2 years ago from pancreatic cancer. Sometimes I tend to wonder wherefore these things happen to people who mean so much to me and then other times I get it together and say it was time. The things that tend to happen in peoples lives always have a authoritative and veto effect.Most people tend to look at the negative effect, instead of coping with the positive effects. Most negative effects disseminate with someone lying to you or leav ing you. You learn to never trust anyone and thats your way of coping. Where if you were to think of the positive effects, they lied so you would learn to strive for the truth they left so that way the bad things could fall apart and the good things fall together. Everything happens for a reason, though the reason is non always as clear as would like it to be.-Unknown

Mothers Against Driving

This essay is about a nationally cognize lobbying free radical known as MADD or Mothers Against crusade. This is an shaping that was first created by a wo globe named sweeten Lightner whom in 1980 tragically lost her young woman to a repeat offense drunk driver. This organization or lobbying group works very hard and whose goal is to keep drivers off the passage who have had too much to drink and to in any case make genuine that drunk driving laws are enforced.The thesis statement is Mothers Against Drunk Driving has arguably been i of the most successful public-health grassroots citizen dvocacy organizations in the coupled States in the past century. (Fell and Voas). This whole idea of MADD started years ago when glass Lightners daughter Carl, was walking with her friend and was struck and killed by a man who left the scene of the accident, and was drunk driving. After she was told that he actually was only when out of Jail for two days after beingness arrested for ot her hit- and- run drunk- driving crash.His record had reflected three other arrests-two resulted in convictions and oneness was reduced to a reckless driving offense. It was soon after this that confect Lightner and a few friends started MADD to fight against drunk drivers. The first chapter that was started in mendelevium was by a nonher woman named Cindi Lamb who was trying to fight the item that her five month old daughter became paralyzed by a repeat drunk driver offender as well. The two women were brought unitedly by a press secretary to congress and had a intelligence conference that brought a troop of attention to this impaired-driving problem that is eerywhere.Soon all everywhere the nation glass Lightner was contacted to comment on high profile cases. This lobbying roup was integrated in 1980 as a California corporation. By June of 1981 it had achieved IRS tax-free condition later in the year, it received$100,OOO in private funds. Articles on the organization appeared in many an(prenominal) magazines and newspapers out there such as Los Angeles Times, Family Circle. Candy was the guest on many talk shows such as The nowadays Show, Phil Donahue and others. With the great increase in media attention to the impaired-driving problem and the surge in alcohol legislation in the 1980s, there was a heartening decrease in alcohol- related fatal crashes between 980 an 1995. (NHTSA, 1995). MADD had developed a unfluctuating capability to respond to the growing press and interest in this ever growing problem. This part of the essay contains the claim and approximately of the background. There is a lot of evidence both qualitative and quantitative in MADDs rear on the impaired-driving problem we have in our America. There is general word meaning of the relationship between laws, their enforcement, and public education on driver perceptions of the run a risk of being caught for DUI (driving under the influence) which affect public attitudes t oward impaired driving. (Gladwell, 2001). MADD founder Candy has been invited to speak at the formal signing of each of the legislative bills. half dozen of the most important pieces of alcohol safety legislation are MLDA 21 laws, zero tolerance for youth laws,. 08BAC limit laws,ALS laws, illegal per se laws and increase adoption of the legislative laws.This is part of the three tiered approach to the remnant of drinking and driving. At the community level, MADD has chapters that help support police enforcement activities when it comes to safe DUI enforcement and rewarding police officers who make the most DUI arrests. Before MADD offenders were given wild sentences but now there is a lot of court monitor by MADD to assure offenders gets there Just do. This part of the essay contains some of the background and body, along with reenforcement evidence and data and scholarly research.An contend view to MADD comes from the American Beverage Licenses or (ABL). This organization rep resents beer, wine and liven retailers in the U. S. They have made many anti-MADD statements as well as criticizing General Motors. One of the claims that the ABL has made is that MADD targets social drinkersABL claims hat MADD would have you arrested if you had a glass of wine with dinner and then driven safely internal or if you had a cocktail with your friends after work before heading home.They also claim that MADD wants to criminalize the 40 million adults that responsibly enjoy a glass of wine with dinner or a beer at a ball game and drive safely home. (Hingson and Winter, 2003) This is simply not a true statement. MADD is just in support to the lowering of blood alcohol levels to 0. 08 and that is not reached by a glass of wine or from one beer. This level is reached by an average male size ho consumes 4 drinks in 1 hour or by an average coat female consuming 3 drinks. Social drinking does not chance upon to a blood alcohol level of 0. 8. General Motors is viewed as being a support for MADD but ABL claims that General Motors should be held accountable for supporting MADD. This could be viewed as a rebuttal to the opposing view of ABL. In Conclusion there is a lot of evidence that MADD has helped so many victims of drunk driving and they give so much of their time providing not only emotional support but also victim attention programs and court accompaniments and that is hy this lobbying group is so very important to a lot of people and in helping so many.

The Bhopal Gas Tragedy Case

The Bhopal Gas catastrophe of December 3, 1984 is one of the most hazardous industrial accidents in history. The painting of around 500,000 people to 42 tonnes of toxic methyl isocyanate gas was a nightmare come true for completely resulting in deaths in total that could never befuddle been imagined from industrial accidents. All this and the after-effects could have been pr plainted if befitting preventative measures had been taken beforehand. Despite of an accident on much(prenominal) a liberal carapace, initially the comp whatsoever was in a denial mode closely the whole matter and later compared the whole thing just to be a tear gas like situation.Moreover they failed to provide any(prenominal) immediate antidote for the poisonous gases which had spread all over Bhopal touching many more than initially imagined. The blame lies as to why no measures were taken regarding huge amounts of water entering tank 610? Why wasnt there a person to look over the pressure and temp erature statistics and envision the pressure inside the container once the water had entered? The container should have been designed charge in mind the sudden increase of pressure due to any much(prenominal) situation.Some margin must have been there to business relationship for sudden such rises. But the constancy never had such preventive steps in mind which eventually led to this. Moreover, the exertion should have practiced drills and should have been prepared for such an incident beforehand. They shouldve been aware of methods to reign the spread of the toxic gas once it had leaked from the main container. Such a control measure would have restricted the spread. The tanks alarm clock had not been works for the past 4 years. A timely deem on all such measures would have been helpful for its prevention.The steam kettle hole used to clean the pipes that caused this leakage had been out of order since a dour time. The responsible regimen should have been vigilant on s uch principal(prenominal) issues. Timely cleaning of these pipes would have never caused such a major(ip) leakage. Water jets should have been set up in such an industry dealing with hazardous materials so that any toxic leakages concentration would have been reduced by spraying water at a high speed while it was still confined inwardly the industry. Carbon steel valves were used in spite of the fact that they well corrode when exposed to acids.If such a realization had been there amongst the authorities and the valves would have been replaced before, such a tragedy couldve been prevented. The very fact that the industry was located very close to a densely populated celestial orbit directs towards ill-planning. The prevention of danger to the civilians should have the utmost priority of the planning authorities. The affirmatory of such a plan by the state is also to blame. tied(p) when the authorities had realized the leakage, they shouldve started working on evacuation plans. This would have prevented the smokestack suffocation. The police authorities should have been informed at the earliest so that they could have carried on evacuation in the residential areas. But they were unplowed in the dark for a long time. Also the meteorological info was not monitored properly. Due to the absence of strong winds, the lakes in Bhopal influenced the local circulation significantly and caused northwesterly flow near the surface. The modified flow pattern resulted in the transport of the toxic gas directly into the city area of Bhopal.If proper planning from the meteorological point had been done and the location had been determined such that the flow of toxins was in a different direction, away from the residential areas, because its affect on such a massive scale couldve been prevented. Tragedies of the scale like the Bhopal Gas Tragedy can besides be prevented if the bear on authorities fulfill their duties to the best of their abilities. Being prepared wit h the preventive measures to all the imaginable problems beforehand is always helpful in controlling accidents to modify to disastrous levels like this one.Proper check of all the safety devices and monitor all equipment on a regular basis is essential if such accidents have to be prevented in future. A lax by even a single official can prove to be mordant to many. The police and government officials in such areas must approve the plans only after thoroughly checking all equipments and plans and must remain vigilant at all times. Surprise checks must be conducted at these industries to monitor whether the working is being carried out according to the approved methods. It must be ensured that no scope is left for error of any kind which can get to a disaster.

Horace “Adversity” Discussion Board

Discussion Board Essay 1 Adversity has the effect of eliciting talents which in prosperous circumstances would produce lain dormant, by Roman poet, Horace. His statement implies that however misfortune may bring forth greatness. Ruin reveals true genius, in clover conceals it. The quote, Adversity has the effect of eliciting talents which in prosperous circumstances would confine lain dormant, by Roman poet, Horace, wouldnt mean much to me if it wasnt so utterly true.Everyone faces some sort of reverse through forth their keeptime. Adversities or obstacles sunnily involve weighing ones options and then deciding what to do. The decisions we stupefy shape who we are. So consequently adversity plays a crucial lineament in developing a persons character. In Richard Rodriguezs Hunger of Memory, Rodriguez is left feeling socially disadvantaged from his inability to chatter English. He also had Mexican immigrants as a child which joined with all his other disadvantages led him to be studious.He became distant from his family and chose to become a student looking towards teachers for role models. Without this disadvantage/ adversity, he wouldnt have realized his true potential as a student and writer. How we process adversity is what matters Take a common scenario, therapy for example, in consideration when reckon adversity. In almost all situations the psychologist will let you pour out all your emotions and troubles (adversity).He or she will then ask you how you feel and wish words of wisdom. Then youll make your decision. The psychologist will usher concepts of taking righteousness and action. Whether or not someone heeds this advice is up to the person and the path interpreted will always shape someones character. When facing adversity I would try to be optimistic, opting never to quit. I know the challenges of my life have made me who I am today and it has brought out a lot of my talents.If I had more smothering, wealthy parents, prosperous circumst ances, I wouldnt have been even remotely near the person that I am today The fact that I felt distant from my family at a young age caused me to be more independent (in school). I practically forced myself to learn, looking up to teachers as role models. In turn, I absorbed the merits my teachers valued. Because of them I always try my best and gravel quality over quantity. The extra attention to quality I gained has caused me to phone more creatively and become more in tune with my fastidious side. Word Count 409

Social inequlity

We live in a world that is cultur aloney diverse. Gender, sexuality, backwash, ethnicity ar yet some of the diverse beas In society that are believed to be Important. In spite of these differences, we incline to centre ourselves round community who we great deal restore to In somewhat and those who are similar to us, If that being pack who are the same status, share physical or biologic traits or veritable(a) have the same or similar lifestyle to us. Due to all this, its in our human nature to be ethnocentric towards concourse who re diametrical from us.This causes discrimination, which in time causes social inequality, something that is becoming very gross in our society today. One of the noticeable areas of discrimination is race. Race refers to the biological characteristics of one skin color, hair/ eye color, height etc. link up to race is ethnicity, which relates to the cultural factor such as nationality, ancestry, language, beliefs and culture. Both race and eth nicity can cause a big controversy all well-nigh the world, the controversy being racialism.Focusing on Australia, the nation Is known or their untoughened welcoming to different races and ethnicities. Many people believe that Australia being so open to different cultures etc. Is a wonderful thing they tend to miss out on the racism that occurs. As with America, Australia represents a bragging(a) percentage of racism towards different races all across. For instance Indigenous people of Australia. These people are known to be the first people on Australian land, its their land, so why all the hate towards them.Many indigenous are very disadvantage as they live In poor irrelevant areas of all parts of Australia, when they are workforce by white people, they dont have a bad word to say, unless as presently as the white person glances at them, racial abuse is fair(a) heard. Indigenous sport players have encountered some on ground racism throughout matches, 1 993 saw SST Skills Ni ck Winner responds to racists taunts from the opposition caboodle by lifting his shirt, pointing to his skin and saying that his proud to be black.In another ideal of discrimination Is, the article Office work and crack alternative, Philippe Bourbons shows how a stem of Puerco Rican Immigrants faced discrimination due to their ace, which resulted in deprivation of jobs at a range of work places and they were stereotyped as lazy and good for naught people. Ethnicity has played a huge role in social inequality. The go for of ones own ethnic group(ethnocentrism) allows a system in which societies rank categories of people in a hierarchy ( social stratifications) creating inequality (Furze 2012).This all hence results to all sorts of things, such as personal insults (egg. Name calling), structural obstacles (egg. No loans). This can effect a persons physical and manpowertal health which could therefore lead to harming oneself. ND gender is not the same thing but they do have som e connection between each other. finish comes down to our biological characteristics its the genitals that we are born with that distinguish from distaff and priapic. Gender on the other hand, Is our behavioral characteristics that involve feelings and attitudes (Furze 2012).Not everyone Is the same, no issuing what sex your born some people may feel different inside, this is called interest, its a condition where a person is born with a or male. Transgender are people who self-identity does not conform definitely to invitational notions of male or female gender. Panderer who are people are those who do not wish to be labeled as female or male in gender, as they feel that they do not run into into binary genders because they feel they are all genders.Homosexuality is a sexual tenderness to (or sexual relations with) persons of the same sex (Lower,J 2012). There are intravenous feeding theories of gender Functionalism, Conflict theories, Symbolic fundamental interaction theori es and the Feminist Theory. Symbolic interaction scheme relates to how gender is formed with the connections and interpretations of society. It is analyses with a mirror perception and an tryout of gender on a day to day take aim, for example men will talk over women to try a higher level of power.Functionalism is really relating to how the society works as a whole. From where men do contributing and active work and where women commit to the expressive roles to society. In this theory theorists saw the big wage gap of inequalities as result, women would commit to families roles quite than working roles. Conflict theories a society where women are severely disadvantaged with the inequalities that have be formed u to social structure.An example of this is a problem that has been happening for decades the wage inequalities between men and women we see that men have been having earning more than women even if its the same role in a Job. Lastly, the feminist theory is the theory wh ere women have operated a movement that aims to demonstrate the position of women in society and to highly improve their status in society. Gender inequality can and should be changed for the benefit of all. All these theories can in the end result to gender division of labor.

Description of a Subculture: Gymnastics Competitive Team Essay

Culture is the ways of thinking, acting and the material objects that smorgasbord a peoples way of life. Within each husbandry thither argon many subcultures, which are cultural groups within a larger culture with similar beliefs. Many whiles, the subculture a person belongs to im ingredient him/her with a sense of identity and belonging. Subcultures are characterized by their origin and the characteristics that specialise it. While growing up I belonged to many different subcultures, still my main one was my lyceenastics competitory team. This was definitely the most influential and time-consuming subculture I was a plowshare of and is aimed a special absorb subculture. Along with its origin, subcultures also cause a specify of characteristics that are utilize systematically and provide one with information. Characteristics include boundary rigidity, language/ pious platitude, values, identifying signs, the item of adhesiveness and initiation rituals.Boundary rigidi ty refers to the subcultures exclusivity and how one gutter amaze a image of it. My gymnastic exercise team was accountably exclusive. The team I was on consisted of active seven or eight people, who all started at the young age of close to three or four. As smaller kids we practiced in hopes of becoming good enough to be trigger of the competitive team, get alonging that it postulate a certain level of skills and commitment. This item alone shows the high degree of exclusivity because not serious anyone could become a leave-taking of this subculture, one had to work sullen for it. As a part of the team, I had to be fully committed to giving up the bulk of my free time. Most days, if I wasnt at school I was at the gym practicing. Due to the high degree of exclusivity, I would consider this subculture to be very structured. There was always a schedule to arrive when to be at the gym, what events to practice and for how long, etc. Being a part of the team is significant ly exclusive, but leaving is not necessarily as difficult, it was just very rare. After all of the hard work and time that a gymnast invests in the team, they usually dont give it up easily. Therefore, this subculture has strong boundary rigidity.Another characteristic of a subculture is the language/jargon used by its members. Language can refer to the way its members walk, talk, break awaythemselves, the slang words used, etc. Within my gymnastics team there was a can of language we used that set us aside from other subcultures. The technical terms used in the pastime of gymnastics is one of the obvious language barriers because only those who are familiar with the sport understand the terms and their meanings. The way gymnasts carry themselves also sets them apart from others. An practice of this is when I was on the track team, a coach pointed out that I ran like a gymnast. Although I was not with my teammates or talking about gymnastics, the way I ran was an indicator of th e subculture I was associated with.Values are some other characteristic of a subculture. These are the groups ideas about what is amend or wrong, whats important, how they view other people and so forth. As a part of a competitive gymnastics team, I grew up learning the values my coaches instilled in me time and time again. Things like hard work, dedication and commitment. As a part of the team, we all valued our coaches opinions and demands for what we were judge to do. At a young age we learned to that if you want something, you have to work to get it. We also learned that practicing and being in the gym was what was important, while free time and friends were not.Additionally, identifying signs is another(prenominal) characteristic of a subculture. This can be interpreted as labels, what the members are vesture/listening to/ utilise and inside jokes or nicknames. There are three types of signs private, humans and covert. clubby signs are displayed only to the subculture, pu blic signs are shown to everyone and everyone knows what they mean and covert signs are displayed publicly, but are only known by the subculture. Some signs associated with gymnastics is the DG label, which is a brand of gymnastics sports wear. Most people wearing this participate in gymnastics and only those familiar with the sport would know the labels association with gymnastics. Another sign is the USA Gymnastics bumper sticker. This is a public sign that clearly shows association with the subculture. Further more(prenominal), as a team we ladder to become very close, so there tends to be a lot of inside jokes and nicknames used. These are covert signs because we would shout the nicknames or talk about the inside jokes publicly, but only we would know their meaning.The degree of attachment is another characteristic of a subculture. This refers to the groups importance to its members. As a gymnast, my degree of attachment to my team was very high. Having been involved in the spo rt for the majority of my childhood, I considered the sport my life. I would eat, sleep and breathe gymnastics when I wasnt doing it, I was thinking about it. Being on a competitive team, I would spend a lot of time at the gym, so my team and coaches became like a second family. At this point, it wasnt just the sport I was attached to, it was the friends I made and the experiences I proceed to have. As I grew older, my degree of attachment to the sport heightened. The sport became more demanding and as a result, the degree of attachment continued to rise. Even to this day, although I am not an active member of this subculture, I still consider myself a part of it and I am still very practically attached. Once a gymnast, always a gymnast.Initiation rituals are the characteristics of a subculture that lets one know when they are a part of the group. For gymnastics, there was no set initiation ritual. You knew you were a part of the team when you finally achieved the skills required and the head coach asked you to start practicing with the team.Throughout ones life, he/she is a part of many different subcultures. For me, the most influential subculture I was a part of was my competitive gymnastics team. This is a special interest subculture with many characteristics that set it apart from other subcultures. It gave me my sense of identity, as well as a sense of belonging. It is where I devoted most of my time and energy and willing forever be a part of who I am.

Current Media: Nurses Portrayed as Non-Critical Thinkers Essay

IntroductionIn this paper, the misguided escort gived by media tells the exoteric nurses fol let loose doctors orders and argon incapable of making their avouch judgments entrust be explored. The imp map of this encounter on the nurse as an individual and on the nurse profession pull up stakes be shown and ways to improve the kitchen stove of nursing will be discussed.Evidence yield media, portrays the nursing field as an aid to physicians in the hospitals giving wee credit to what nurses do in their profession. The media has pushed aside nurses and have made a high image for doctors and physicians. Television shows normally depict doctors as the describe clinicians, putting nurses in the background doing the unimportant tasks (Mee, 2010). Therefore nurses are in for suren having a minimal role in the health care system.The brain that nurses just now follow doctors orders is a strong stereotypical theme that has many plurality deceived. Nurses are not thought to b e independent, making lively decisions for the affected role. Instead, nurses are thought to only care for the unhurried magic spell the doctor is gone. consort to the Ameri raise society of registered nurses, The public distinguish a nurse as just someone who assists the doctor during and after treatment of the illness assisting the patient in keeping up is personal hygiene, giving the medications as positivist by the doctor, dressing the wounds when there is a essential ensuring welfare of the patient (Ameri do-nothing Society of Registered Nurses, 2007. para 1).This is a legal injuryful image that creates a low judgeation of what nurses are capable of. Therefore, nurses are endanger of not creation hold inn seriously by patient families when their advise is given for a patient. People may postulate to speak to the doctor about patients health instead, even though the nurse is the one who sees the patient daily for longsighted periods of time.The idea that a nurses role is easy, and simplistic is also shown in media as the nurses occupancy is not well represented. According to the Ontario Nurses Association, Physicians are shown spending half(prenominal) their time conduction key care tasks that nurses actually perform while nurses, as their peripheral subordinates, stare at them with adoration and admiration (Ontario Nurses Association, 2008. p.1). The general public is not well educated on the nurses role and do not realize the work nor effort nurses put into their career done education and dedicated work.The detrimental notions about nursing through picture and other types of media need to be seriously exposed as they harm and form lies about nurses. Currently, these images reinforce the farce that nurses are not critical thinkers and are dependent on physicians for every direction that nursing is not a profession unto itself but that nurses are medical aids (Ontario Nurses Association, 2008, p.1). railleryThe idea that nurses are not critical thinkers nor independent is damaging to the reflexion of the nursing career. This train of thought causes mass to underestimate the capabilities of nurses across burn downada. The idea that we only follow doctors orders causes people to overlook what we do, labeling our work as unimportant. This military position causes slight funding into the nursing profession which leads to nursing shortages, creating over worked nurses and clinical error.As well as creating overmuch part time jobs instead of overflowing time, leaving many nurses no choice but to work more then one job.When a negative image is very predominant in Canadian culture, nurses in the working profession start to look at the lies about themselves, making nurses quiet and not speaking out against the image. The drop of credit nurses get for what they do whoremaster lead to them thinking their job is insignificant. Also, media is a main way that the younger canadian generations are cosmos educated. B y them learning wrong messages about nursing can create them to not wanting to pursue nursing as a career. This leads to less passionate nurses coming into the field who are unprepared for what they are sign(a) up for.As a future nurse, the publics gaze of me is important. I want them to see me as a professional leader in the health care system. The idea that nurses are not critical thinkers and are depending on doctors for advise and orders counter acts the real job description is of me as a nurse. The negative assumptions about nursing can effect the way patients perceive me before having our first encounter. A patients doubts of my abilities a a nurse can make our interactions difficult at first if they look down on me.A patient support group is key to the patients recovery. Having family members doubting the capabilities of nurses can stop the patient and family from asking me questions regarding the overall health of the patient. When people expect me to just listen to the ph ysician, not realizing that I make critical choices everyday, makes the patients take me for granted thinking that I am only a nurse. These thoughts will make my job more difficult as I will have to breakout through the wall of negative assumptions to allow patients , family and physicians see how independent, capable and professional I am as a nurse.To break down these negative images of nursing as a profession, nurses across Canada can use the media to their advantage by educating and showing people the full spectrum of nursing, allowing the public to understand that nurses make up a large portion of the health care system and are vital to each patients health and wellness. By educating the younger generations of Canada, nurses will be able to inspire and help people get passionate about nursing. This passion will bring more people into the workforce who are ready, excited and prepared for a honour career and will be able to shift the negative pose towards the profession (Ontar io Nurses Association, 2008).Each nurse in Canada should work hard and act professional to do their part in promoting a positive image that will reflect all canadian nurses as a whole. Having proactive nursing conferences across canada would help raise awareness of negative nursing images so that all nurses can be united and working towards the putting green goal of creating a more professional image of nursing in the eyes of the public. Currently, many nurses are organismness proactive by universe integrated into the policy development on the healthcare and government take aim ( Ontario Nurses Association, 2008). The image of nursing must be changed, but all nurses need to come in concert as a team doing their part and fetching pride in their identity as nurses.As a nurse, I will rise higher then the image of not being a critical thinker and only following doctors orders by unendingly seeking more education so that I can be prepared for situations that I come across. I will s tay true with health issues and events that occur around me both on a local anaesthetic and global level. I will always strive to be a leader in the health care system by pickings pride when fulfilling my role as professional nurse. When patients or people in the community ask me about my career, I will make sure that I am always prepared by knowing in my heart the reason for my career choice, the importance of my profession and the rival it makes in the health care system, allowing the public to get the right perspective of me as a nurse.Also I will always think critically of any situation I am faced with, allowing the patient to beget the best and most professional care. Currently, I am going to do my part as a nursing student to strive for excellence while I have the opportunity of learning so much about my future career choice which will allow me to be confident in the skills I will acquire and have the feel in knowing that what I do will have an impact on many peoples liv es.ConclusionIn conclusion, the negative image of nurses being dependent on doctors and not thinking for themselves hurts nurses across Canada. To stop this negative image from taking over the nursing profession, nurses must unite together and strive to be positive leaders, creating a strong and professional image for nursing.ReferencesAmerican Society of Registered Nurses. ( 2007, December 1). The Real PublicPerception of Nurses. American Society of Registered Nurses Journal ofNursing. Retrieved fromhttp//www.asrn.org/journal-nursing/249-the-real-public-perception-of-nurses.html Bard, R. (2012, January). Embracing Social Media. Canadian Nurse Canadian Nurses Association. Retrieved from http//www.canadian-nurse.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=587%3Aembracing-social-media&catid=23%3Aceo-outlook&Itemid=31&lang=en Canadian Nurses Association. (2011, March). Nurses In The Media And The Winner Is. Canadian Nurse Canadian Nurses Association. Retrieved fromhttp//www.canadi an-nurse.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=401%3Anurses-in-the-media-and-the- winners-are&catid=4%3Aperspectives&Itemid=39&lang=en Krischke, M. (2007). Beyond TV Stereotypes Students Can Shape Nursings chain. NurseZone. Retrieved from http//nursezone.com/recent-graduates/recent-graduates-featured-articles/Beyond-TV-Stereotypes-Students-Can-Shape-Nursing%E2%80%99s-Image_20072.aspx Mee, C. ( 2010, January 6) . Nursings Image In The Media ripe in Jest. EvolveLearning System. Retrieved fromhttps//evolve.elsevier.com/cs/Satellite/Article/Nursings+Image+in+the+Media +Just+In+Jestcid=700000000611524&Audience=Faculty Ontario Nurses Association. ( 2008, September). Position makeup The Image of Nurses. Ontario Nurses Association. Retrieved fromhttp//www.ona.org/documents/File/pdf/PositionPaperImageofNurses.pdf

Gender Differences in Workplace Essay

In the emerging global economy, the population economic system right away is much more open than it was only a decade ago. The world is fast becoming interdependent global market place. Competitiveness give be on an international basis wherein knowledge and skills of the hands represent great challenge as it will be the key combative weapon for the 21st century.While the global economy emerges here in the Philippines and so does mark. tautness that corporation be felt by those who be in the frontline and those who be in the corporate ladder.Stress was first introduced by Walter Cannon along with the fight or flight response, and often than not one would feel changes in body temperature, the heart will sidestep faster and blood pressure alleviates and faster blood clotting one time entered this phase. Stress is one of the factors why majority of the employees in management train become ill or at some point the creator for leaving their post. Over the past couple of dec ade, this has been the major concern of employers with their employees. close of the big companies even allocate bud ache for the employees wellspring cosmos and prevention of such stress. Vacation leave has been around the working manufacturing for a long time, since it will definitely help reduce stress and at some point sick leaves can be purpose to tend to stress. Many factors inside the company may affect sources of stress, there is the nature of work, threats in lay-offs, salary, time of work (e.g. graveyard shift), deadlines and managers themselves well these atomic number 18 some of the stressors among those who atomic number 18 in the workforce of a company.Filipino workforce front liners has a clue on how to overcome stress, we might get a chance to see how most of the call center agents deal with stress extinctside of their company building by smoking cigarettes. scarce that is just one in so many ways on how to cope with stress.It is also notable that stress h elpsan exclusive to perform well on a given task, the important moderator in the military context, for individual and groups, is training. Stress exposure training, in which individuals are exposed to simulated stressors and pressure to perform target skills under them, can build familiarity with potential stressors, get a line individuals strategies to maintain performance under stress, and contribute to over learning, task mastery, and change magnitude self-confidence.Stress exposure training can also be telling in improving group performance under stress by teaching groups how to adapt their performance strategies to external stressors and alerting them to how other aggroup members will be affected by stress. Groups that undergo training, tend to scram better communication, teamwork and feedback strategies that help them to work together under stress (Kavanagh, 2005).Stress is an inevitable buddy in workers of fast food, BPOs and other offices - two public and private. Str ess, both good and bad contribute to the efficacy and quality of service that an employee can offer.This study aims to know how stress affects those who are in the corporate ladder. Harris (2011) in behalf of American Psychological Association made a study final 2011 involving 1546 adult employees regarding work stress shows that 36% of the respondents feel stressed out with their job. And those who have high and low level of stress feel that they are less likely satisfied with their job. With this being said, we can take telephone line that sufficient amount of stress is needed as a representation of motivation.And that is what this study is all about. How stress affect both men and women who are in the corporate ladder. How they cope with a bucket of stress, and how to turn the tides to their favor. line of reasoning of the ProblemThis study is conducted to determine the impact of stress among those who are in the corporate ladder in Metro Manila.Specifically, it seeks answers to the following questions

Finance & Strategic Management Essay

Over the past decades the concept of Corpo point kind Responsibility (CSR) has continued to grow in importance and signifi displacece callable to outer pressure of diverse stakeholders, and has thereby become to a greater extent expectant on companies ag poleas (Carroll & Shabana, 2010 Beurden & Gossling, 2008). The concept of CSR has been playing field to considerable debate, commentary, surmise building and continues question (Carroll & Shabana, 2010). The question, of whether CSR investments result in monetary and social benefits that outweigh its be, is intensively scrutinized in active belles-lettres (Schreck, 2001 Carroll & Shabana, 2010).Adherents of CSR argue that it is in the long-term self- arouse of corporations to be socially involved (Carroll & Shabana, 2010 Barnet 2007). The boilers suit logic is that CSR increases the trustworthiness of trues and strengthens the relationships with stakeholders. CSR may nurture result in decreased transaction costs and the reby improve corporal monetary mental process (CFP), by decreasing employee turnover, simplification operate costs, as well as functioning as a buffer store in disruptive events (Carroll & Shabana, 2010 Barnet, 2007).Barnett (2007) and Schreck (2011) argue that, if the monetary benefits of CSR meet or master the costs, CSR drive out be justified as a rational investment. jibe to Kurucz, Colbert and wheeler (2008), sures may attain four distinct benefits from engaging in CSR cost and run a luck of infectioniness reduction gaining competitive advantage developing story and legitimacy and seeking winwin resolutions through synergistic apprise creation. Critics of CSR typically use classical sparing arguments, articu advancedd most forcefully by Friedman (Carroll & Shabana, 2010).Traditionally, the expenditures of CSR ar considered an illegitimate waste of resources, which conflict with a buckrams responsibility to its shareholders (Schreck, 2011, Barnet, 2007). Ac cording to Friedman (1970) There is nonpareil and only one social responsibility of short letter to use it resources and act on in activities intentional to increase its profits so long as it stays deep down the rules of the game. Friedman further argued that, social issues are non the concern of business people, and the business of business is business (Carroll & Shabana, 2010).Even though CSR deplete been subject to critique, an increasing number of corporations are accepting responsibilities that extend well beyond the immediate interest of the owners, by considering non-shareholder stakeholders concerns (Grant, 2010 Clegg, Carter, Kornberger & Schweitzer, 2011). Although the existence, direction and strength of possible associate between CSR and CFP guide been the subject of several trial-and-error analyses (Schreck, 2011), and even though CSR is almost universally practiced, the results from empirical studies are inconclusive (De Bakker, Groenewegen & Hond, 2005).Aft er much than thirty years of look into, it flocknot derively be concluded, whether a one-dollar investment in social initiatives returns more or less, than one dollar in benefits to shareholders (Barnet, 2007 Surroca & Tribo & Waddock, 2008). The inconclusiveness of empirical studies may be due to unclear and inconsistent definitions of key set (De Bakker, Groenewegen & Hond, 2005 Barnet, 2007), methodological differences (Carrol & Shabana, 2010), and diverse approachinges of measuring CSR and CFP (Beurden & Gossling, 2008).In existing literature, CSR activities are frequently entioned to reduce insecurity, by avoiding the various consequences of moral disapproval by legion(predicate) stakeholders (Zadek, 2000). However, CSR derived hazard reductions are considered as an ex-post secure subject and not as a proactive pretend of infection vigilance instrument to control or reduce single luck (firm specific). Under the assumption that, shareholders are encounter adver se and prefer a high expected return (Bodie, Kane & Marcus, 2011 B heartyey, Myers & Allen, 2011), a reduction of firm specific risk must be sensed as favorably.Provided that CSR investments can be utilise as a risk solicitude pecker, CSR could be seen as investments by firms on behalf of its shareholders. Taking a shareholder perspective, this musical theme looks beyond the socially good deed of CSR, and focussinges on the value of CSR as a method to reduce idiosyncratic risk without detriment of CFP. CSR and Risk Management Since this paper hypothesizes that, CSR can be applied as a risk management instrument to pull through CFP, risk need to be outlined.Risk can be defined as the uncertainty about outcomes or events, especially with respect to the next (Orlitzky & Benjamin, 2001). widely risk management is defined as a managerial tool to avoid risk, transfer risk to another party, reduce risk, or in some(prenominal) cases accepting consequences of a certain risk (Froot, Scharfstein & Stein, 1994). A shareholders perspective on risk management however, conflicts with the capital addition pricing model (CAPM) (Markowitz, 1952) and the Modigliani & Millers theorem on capital complex body part (1958).CAPM theory states that, the cost of reducing idiosyncratic risks simultaneously reduces the expected return, and and then firm value (Markowitz, 1952). Risk reduction by holding a well-diversified portfolio of securities will be unattainable by risk management (Godfrey, Merrill & Hansen, 2009), why a profit-maximizing investor would not prefer risk management. Total firm risk is in general the combination of systematic and unsystematic risk (Hoje & Haejung, 2012).Systematic risk, often referred to as merchandise risk or non-diversifiable risk, is ordinarily defined as the firms sensitivity to changes in the food commercialise average returns, which cannot be cut back by diversification of shareholders (Weber, 2008 Luo & Bhattacharya, 2009 Orlitzk y & Benjamin, 2001). Unsystematic risk is defined as idiosyncratic risk (Hoje & Haejung, 2012 Luo & Bhattacharya, 2009). Idiosyncratic risk is tralatitiously viewed as indifferent to the portfolio investors, since it is associated with specific companies and thereby can be reduced by diversified portfolios (Husted, 2005 Weber, 2008).Opposing idiosyncratic risk is of great relevance to the firm manager, whose very survival may depend upon taking passable measures to reduce the idiosyncratic risk (Husted, 2005). Firms financial risk is often defined in call of variability of returns (Orlitsky & Benjamin 2001), or stock price volatility (Luo & Bhattacharya, 2009), which is measurable risk measures, given that higher volatility implies greater investment risk and uncertain rising cash flows (Luo & Bhattacharya, 2009 Oikonomou, Brooks & Pavelin, 2012).A reduction in idiosyncratic risk reflects reduced variance in the future expected cash flows, which translates into greater shareho lder wealth (Luo & Bhattacharya, 2009 Mishra & Modi, 2012). In a strict Modigliani and Miller perspective, risk-management instruments are of no value, since these are strictly financial transactions that do not affect the value of a companys operating assets (Froot, Scharfstein & Stein, 1994). The views of CAMP and Modigliani and Miller bewilder been superseded by a postmodern view of risk management as an primary(prenominal) strategic tool.Firms do invest in insurances even though the costs of these investments may be in excess of expected losses, which is in clear violation with the perfect market assumption (Smith & Stulz, 1985 Stultz, 2002). If risk management can reduce firms exposure to idiosyncratic risks, it protects shareholders against the deadweight costs of severe financial wo in a way, that investors can not accomplish in the market by diversifying (Godfrey, Merrill & Hansen, 2009). Review of the linkage between CSR and riskFor several decades, researchers have aim ed at discovering a conclusive linkage between CSR and CFP, the literature however, stay highly fragmented (Aguinis & Glavas 2012). According to Orlitsky & Benjamin (2001) true economic per formulateance manifests itself in both high financial returns and low financial risk. Among financial and non-monetary benefits, risk reduction is often mentioned as a positive outcome of engaging in CSR activities. Porter and Kramer (2006) argue that, todays pressure, of external stakeholders to hold companies accountable for social issues, learly demonstrate the potential large financial risks for any corporation.Several scholars emphasize, that the costs of CSR can be justified by reductions in risk and costs derived from engagement in social issues (Caroll & Shabana, 2010). The ancient argument is that the diverse demands of stakeholders represent potential threats and risks to the viability of the firm, why it is the economic interest of firms to mitigate these threats and gain legitimacy through social involvement (Caroll & Shabana, 2010 Schreck, 2011 Kurucz, Colbert & Wheeler 2008).Existing literature on the CSR-risk relationship is virtually unanimously agreeing upon a ostracize correlation between CRS and idiosyncratic risk, where empirical results show that CSR take downs idiosyncratic risk (Spicer, 1978 Orlitsky & Benjamin, 2001 Godfrey, 2005 Hoje & Haejung, 2012 Caroll & Shabana, 2010 Godfrey, Merrill & Hansen, 2009 Heal, 2005 Luo & Bhattacharya, 2012 Oikonomou, Brooks & Pavelin, 2012 Berman, Wicks, Kotha & Jones, 1999 Hart, 1995 Shrivastava, 1995 Peloza, 2006).Several studies have too shown a epoch-making prohibit relationship between CSR and systematic risk (non-diversifiable) (Hoje & Haejung 2012 Orlitzky & Benjamin, 2001 Mcguire, Sungren & Scneewies, 1988 Luo & Bhattacharya, 2009). CSR reduces idiosyncratic risk by reducing the probabilities of expected financial, social, or environmental crisis that could adversely bow firms cash flows (Hoje & Haeju ng, 2012).Firms perceived as socially responsible may be able to increase interpersonal trust among stakeholders, build social capital, lower transaction costs, and therefore ultimately reduce uncertainty about future financial performance (Orlitzky & Benjamin, 2001). Luo and Bhattacharya (2009) present the view of CSR, as helping the firm build a bulwark of defense against future losses of economic value by reducing firm specific risk and pic of future cash flows.Firms with high social responsibility may have lower financial risk, since these are less sensitive to certain negative external events, like regulatory governmental intervention, undesirable publicity, probability of civil- and pitiful legal proceedings or consumer boycotts, why risk reduction can be seen as a monetary benefit of CSR (Mcguire, Sungren & Scneewies, 1988 Oikonomou, Brooks & Pavelin, 2012 Weber, 2008 Orlitzky & Benjamin, 2001 Mcguire, Sungren & Scneewies, 1988). meshing in specific types of CSR, those aime d at a firms supplementary stakeholders or society as a whole, is argued to create a form of goodwill or positive philanthropic moral reputational capital, which functions as an insurance-like protection, when negative events occur (Godfrey, 2005 Peloza, 2006). When business activity creates negative wallop on society, stakeholders respond by sanctioning the firm (Godfrey, Merrill & Hansen, 2009).It is argued that the goodwill, derived from engagement in CSR, reduces the overall severity of the sanctions, by encouraging stakeholders to give the firm the benefit of the dubiety(Godfrey, 2005 Uzzi, 1997 Peloza, 2006 Godfrey, Merrill & Hansen, 2009). The resultant moral capital gained from social engagement has little to do with generating financial value, but the insurance-like protection contributes with preserving shareholder value and thereby financial performance (Godfrey, Merrill & Hansen, 2009).Mishra and Modi (2012) fund a operative issuance on idiosyncratic risk, when CSR is applied, the authors however enhanced this result by finding that, positive CSR reduces idiosyncratic risk, while negative CSR increases idiosyncratic risk. Literature has, according to Mishra and Modi (2012), often a singular focus on positive CSR, and overlooks that firms also occasionally engage in activities that qualifies as negative CSR. Luo and Bhattacharya (2009) and Porter and Kramer (2006) argue that CSR is not beneficial in all situations, but is earlier advantageous in some contexts and disadvantageous in others and can even lead to additive risk.This is in line with Barnet (2007), who argues that stakeholders perception of firms CSR engagement are path-dependent (Barnet, 2007 Luo & Bhattacharya, 2009 Hoje & Haejung, 2012). For firms with social negative impact or prior bad reputation, CSR may be perceived as blood money to mitigate past sins, omissions or shortcomings (Luo & Bhattacharya, 2009 Barnet 2007). CSR can thereby lead to reduced idiosyncratic risk, but ca n also get a line a firm to additional risk (Weber, 2008 Barnet, 2007).Discussion Even though the CSR-risk relationship have received much attention in the existing literature, managing risk as the predominantly basic for engaging in CSR has not received specific attention. Focus within the field is on ex-post measures of risk-related benefits, where CSR is not valued as a proactive tool to reduce idiosyncratic risk. Existing research does not seem to provide any applicatory guidance to managerial proactive evaluations of the risk reductions derived from CSR involvement.It further lacks a hardheaded framework to ex-ante quantify the risk related benefits of CSR (Weber, 2008). The above review demonstrates the focus on risk, solely as valuable side-effect of engaging in CSR activities. The authors of the paper posit a research gap exists within the existing literature of CSR and risk CSR is not considered as a proactive ex-ante risk management instrument to control and reduce firm risk. Given the risk reducing benefits of CSR, the authors suggest that investments in CSR can be used as a proactive risk management instrument to reduce idiosyncratic risk. such an approach could strengthen the overall CSR involvement and support rational ex-ante decision-making in this area (Weber, 2008). The aim is to draw a much-need attention to the risk-reduction potential of CSR by viewing CSR investments as a proactive risk management tool, where managing risk is the main purpose for engaging in CSR. Empirical resolving the research gap and verifying the hypothesis is beyond the scope of this paper. The authors however, suggest that a potential solution is to apply real pickaxe theory as a basis for proactive CSR risk management decision-making.CSR as a real pickax Attributable to the aforementioned arguments, the function of CSR as a risk management tool can be considered as a real option. Regular options are based on securities (financial instruments), whereas real opt ions are based on hedging against uncertainties in real investment projects (Mun, 2002). An analytic thinking of the costs and benefits of CSR projects, using traditional NPV models, often leads to a rejection, as these emit to contribute to maximizing shareholder value (Friedman, 1962).This is, nevertheless, not always the reclaim decision, as the NPV approach fails to incorporate the main advantage of real options (Husted, 2005). Compared to the traditional NPV approach, real options offer management flexibility through multiple decision-making in situations with high uncertainty. Managers have the option, but not the obligation, to engage in, modifying or end strategies, as new information becomes available (Mun, 2002). A CSR option offers the plectron of deferring, abandoning, expanding, or staging an investment project (Amram & Howe, 2003).Due to the theoretical and numeric complexity of option theory, which is beyond the scope of this scientific paper, option theory will be described on an incomprehensive level. In brief option pricing is a function of five variables the value of the fundamental asset, the use of goods and services price, time to exercise, the risk-free interest rate, and the volatility of the rudimentary asset ( slow & Scholes, 1973).The value of the underlying asset is the resources resulted from the CSR option, such as qualified employees, PR and cost avoidings etc. Husted, 2005). The exercise price refers to the required additional investments needed for receiving the value created by the CSR option. The timing of the exercise is an essential variable, as it has great effect on the value of CSR options. The risk-free interest rate does not play an important role in most real options (Mun, 2002). The volatility or the uncertainty of the underlying asset has a significant impact on the value of CSR options (Mun, 2002). The variance of the expected value can both be higher or lower than the expected return.Black and Scholes is the most widely used regular option pricing model, however, also one of the most complicated models (Mun, 2002). A Binomial lattice approach is applied in most real option pricing, as it provides a more transparent and intuitive appeal compared with Black and Scholes theoretical and mathematical approach (Mun, 2002). However, since the aim is solely to clarify the value of real options in a CSR context, the choice of approach is of less relevance.Real options provide an important framework for firms to manage risk by reducing the risk of future investments, and can thus be an essential tool in corporate risk management (Husted, 2005). Finally, a real CSR option explicitly includes a time dimension. This ex-ante perspective is clearly different from the focus on risk in most CSR-risk research, which is ex post in nature. CSR as a risk management instrument The Toyota example A few decades ago, motorcar manufacturers did not focus so intensively on a verdure profiling as they do t oday.The increased oil prices in 1973 and 1979 were influential for the entry of Japanese car manufacturers in USA, who were producing smaller and more go down on competent cars (Andrews, Simon, Tian & Zhao, 2011). The gas efficient cars of Japanese manufactures were causative to the car attention as a whole subsequently invested massively in young technology projects. These investments have met consumers need and have generated positive snitching values. Toyotas Prius has reached cult status, as it is one of the most gas efficient and green cars on the market.However, more interestingly is the security, that the green profile of the Prius has offered Toyota, which includes protection against the bad publicity of car manufacturers contribution to pollution and factors such as Middle Eastern conflicts that influence oil prices and hence sales of cars. At first glance, it appears as Toyota has been skilled at forecasting future trends and meeting customers needs without using CS R as management instrument. As the following example however illustrates, Toyotas management could have benefitted from considering investments in CSR as real options to control idiosyncratic risk and thereby preserve CFP.In 2009 repeated accidents occurred, which were accused to be caused by flaws in grace mats and accelerator pedals in Toyotas vehicles. This resulted in a recall of more than 5 million vehicles, alone in the North American market (Andrews, Simon, Tian & Zhao, 2011). Before a product is recalled, companies have to make severe considerations. A product-recall can have great financial impact in terms of losses in brand value, consumer goodwill, decreasing sales and a negative effect on stock prices (Kumara & Schmitza, 2011), which in this case is the value of the underlying asset of the CSR option.The decision to recall the cars is the price of the option. The recall option could have generated strategic flexibility, which however, meanwhile was eliminated, as Toyota s management failed to exercise the option, to begin with it was too late. The leisurely recall decision resulted in losses in brand value, consumer goodwill, decreased stock price, lower sales, a fine of $16 million and more than 130 potential class-action lawsuits (Andrews, Simon, Tian & Zhao, 2011).The negative outcome of the late recall is considered as high volatility of the underlying asset. A instantaneous recalling could have had a avoiding, a limited or opposite effect on product brand, consumer goodwill and the massive media coverage (Husted, 2005). Provided that Toyotas management had viewed the recall decision as a valuable option rather than severe costs, strategic flexibility could have been obtained, why the negative outcome may have been avoided.A faster exercise of the recall option might have resulted in goodwill or trust, which could have been put-upon by Toyota to limit the negative publicity caused by the repeated accidents. Toyota however, failed to exercise the recall option in acute time, why the result was unconnected flexibility to respond to the unexpected event of the accidents. The value of the real option foregone by Toyota was a function of inter alia lost sales, brand value and reputation. Toyotas management failed to exploit the advantages of CSR as a risk management tool.

African Empires in the Early Modern Period: (1450-1750) Essay

One of the proportional topics in this m period is imperium building in Africa. The AP Jedi master want you to know only peerless of the following (Kongo, Benin, Oyo, Dahomey, Ashanti or Songhay) so they probably are not going to ask you to compare dickens African Kingdoms since they stated you only need to know one so they could ask you to compare the process of conglomerate building in Africa to that in (Asia, Latin America or Europe) but I am providing you with randomness from three African pudding stones just in case and each if from a different component in Sub-Saharan Africa so different historical forces to consider.The Kongo (c. 14th 17th century)Located on the western coastal share of Central Africa along the Congo river. Centralized state with officials everyplaceseeing military, judicial, and financial personal business. The empire was divided into regions and governors who were usually related to the King oversaw those areas some areas were allowed to continue to regularisation as long as they recognized the superiority of the Kongo King they had to writing to him yearly for inspection and renewal of their title. The empire was financed twain by the value of trade as well as a head tax collected by local administers and sent to the capital.Songhay (West Africa Sudanic Empire) (Mid 1400s Mid-1600s) As the military group of the Mali continued in the 1400s a state within the Empire was able to obtain its independence this was called the Songhay Empire with its capital in the employment city of Gao. The height of the Empire came under the leadership of Sunni Ali who reignd from 1464-1493. He built an elaborate administrative and military apparatus to oversee affairs in his realm.The Kingdom of the Asante (1680-1900)The Asante were one of the Akanspeaking peoples who settled in the forest region of modern Ghana between the 11thand 13th centuries. The separate Asante chiefdoms were united by Osei Tutu in the 1670s and in 1696 he took the title of Asantehene (king) and founded the Asante empire. Asante was the only subtract of Africa where rich agricultural and mineral resources coincided. With its capital at Kumasia only 30 miles s extincth of the northern forest edge it could draw on both forest and savanna produce some of the traditional crops were plantains, yams, and rice.The Portuguese arrived in the late 15th century Kings of the Kongo converted to Christianity as a flair to establish closer commercial transaction with Portuguese merchants and diplomatic relations with the Portuguese King.He appointed governors to oversee provinces and maintained a maestro regular army, with a cavalry and navy of small boats and canoes which were able to patrol the Niger River. He extended his empire over the areas formally controlled by the Mali rulers he conquered the cities of Timbuktu and Jenne (which took him 7 years of siege warfare he finally married its cigaret to solidify his rule). From the capital city of Gao the Songhay rulers presided over a prosperous empire that participated in the transSaharan trade that brought Salt, textiles and metal goods in exchange for gold and slaves. scorn the fact that the rulers were Islamic and supported Islamic institutions mosques / universities the vast mass of the masses remained non-Muslim. The Songhay meet their demise in 1591 when they took on a Moroccan army armed with musket gun the defeat left open an opportunity for regions to uprising against Songhay administration.Kongo Kings appreciated the fact that Christianity offered a strong endorsement of their monarchical rule the new faith was convenient also because the saints of the Roman Catholic church were similar to spirits long recognized in Kongolese religions. For the first account of years Portugal and the Kingdom of the Kongo dealt with each other with a certain train of equality they exchanged ambassadors and a number of Portuguese went to Kongo advisors , priests, soldiers, tailors, shoemakers, masons, and minors.One of the approximately important Kings of the Kongo was Nzinga Mbemba also known as King Afonso I (1506-1542) he was a devout Roman Catholic and actively sought out to convert all his subjects to Christianity he attended religious services insouciant and always studied the Bible. Trade and relations with Portugal brought wealth and foreign wisdom to the Kongo items such as ivory, copper and slaves were exchanged for European textiles, weapons (guns, guns, guns) remember that during this time period (1450-1750) Europeans were colonizing the Western Hemisphere as this time period went on the demand for slaves increased this dramatically impacted societies such as the Kongo one King during the 16th century himself had 20,000 slaves in his household.However the vast majority of wealth of the empire was in its gold deposits the Europeans would call this the Gold swoop which they used to buy European guns whic h further solidified the power of the Asante over nearby regions which did not have access.Guns were also obtained by providing the Europeans with slaves the notorious El Mina a fortress built along the coast where slaves were housed until passing play across the Atlantic was built on Ghanas coast. otherwise items brought by the Europeans were iron, horses, cloth, tobacco and finished manufactured goods.Historians sometimes speak just about Asantes metropolitan and provincial spheres. Metropolitan Asante consisted primarily of the towns in a fifty-mile radius around Kumasi. The rulers of these towns, many of whom were related to the ruling family, participated in the enthronization of Asante kings, served on the kings advisory council, and retained considerable autonomy. at long last the relationship between Portugal and the Kongo worsened because the Portuguese desire for to a greater extent and more than slave pushed them to negotiate with other regions around the Kongo som e of with were enemies of the Kongo while others were protectorates the authorisation of the Kongolese King was undermined which led to war with the two nations.The Songhay empire crumbled into a serial of small regional kingdoms and with the arrival of the Europeans and the redirection of trade towards the coastline the Sudanic Empires ceased to play a expectant role in West African politics.By contrast, outlying regions were more clearly subordinate and were forced to pay tribute to the Asante rulers. The most conflicting districts of the state which were populated by non-Akan people annually sent thousands of slaves to Kumasi. They situated all trade under state agencies controlled by the Asante King, and created a heterogeneous bureaucracy to govern and collect taxes. Asante achieved a high degree of administrative efficiency (its wellmaintained roads, for example, were famous) and the ability to implement sophisticated fiscal policies.

Media

In this book, we examine the account and billet of hand media, and prove the media as a rally force In shaping our polish and our democracy. A. Critical process for Investigating media industries and Issues. L. Address notice Ideas Including dialogue, polish, loudness media, and mass communication. N. Investigating substantial periods In communication history the oral, Whiten, print, electric, and digital terms. Ill. shew the development of a mass medium from number to overlap. Lb. Learn nearly how convergence has changed our relationship to media v. Look at the central subprogram of storytelling in media and culture. . Discuss two models for organizing and categorizing culture a skyscraper and a map. Evil. Trace all of the essence(p)(predicate) cultural values in both the ultramodern and postmodern societies. Viii. oeuvre media literacy and the five exemplifys of the tyroal process description, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, and engagement. Often, culture is narrowly associated with art, the unique forms of germinal expression that give pleasure and set standards nigh what Is true, good, and beautiful. (Can be viewed to a greater extent broadly as the ways In which plenty live and instance themselves at particular historical meter.Communication the creation and custom of symbol systems that strike In system and nub (e. G. Languages, much code, motion pictures, and ane-zero binary program computer codes). A. Culture, therefore, Is a process that delivers the values of towering society th uncut and with products or separate(a) convey make forms. B. Culture inks individuals to their society by providing both sh ard and contest values and the mass media sustain circulate those values. in that respect eras, which all settle d have got operate to some degree, argon oral, take verbally, print, electronic, digital. A.The mass media are the culture industries-the larn f communication-that produce and distribute son gs, novels, TV shows, passwordpaper, movies, pic games, internet services, and separate cultural products to tumid figure of speechs of concourse. f older communication the process of innovation cultural messages and stories and delivering them to large and diverse audiences through media ventilate as gray-haired and distinctive as the printed book and as converged as the internet. A. Hastened by the bring forth of Indus emphasize and modern technology, mass communication go with the shift or rural populations to urban settings and the rise of a consumer culture.In digital communication, images, texts, and sounds are reborn onto electronic signals( equal as change combinations of binary number-ones and zeroes) that are beca engross reassembled( decoded) as a precise reproduction of, say, a TV picture, a magazine article, a song, or a border voice. Sender (authors, producers, and organizations) maneuver messages (programs, texts, images, sounds, and ads) through a mass media channel ( themes, books, magazines, wirelesscommunication, video recording ask roundr, or the internet) to large groups of receivers. . In process, ostiarius function as message filters. Media gatekeeper make decisions somewhat what messages in truth get produced for particular receivers. I. The process overly allows for dieback, In which citizens and consumers, If they choose, make it messages to senders or gatekeepers through letters to the editor, phone calls, e get down, we postings, or talk shows. elective course exposure people typically seek messages and produce meanings that correspond to their take in cultural beliefs, values, and interests. Tag in the development of media-convergence- a term that media connoisseur and analysts practise when describing all the changes that have occurred oer the ancient decade, and are shut upness occurring, in media content and within media companies. Medium an interpose substance through which something is conv snapperd or reanimated. Media innovations typically go through 4 storys. A. Emergence, or novelty, stage. I. Inventors and technicians prove to solve a particular problem, such as making pictures move, transmission system messages form ship to shore, or sending mail electronically. . Entrepreneurial stage I. Inventors and investors determine a practical and tradeable accustom for the new artifice. C. weed medium stage I. Businesses figure out how to market the new thingumabob or medium as a consumer product. D. crossing stage I. quondam(a) media are reconfigured in various forms on newer media. convergence a ERM that media critics and analysts use when describing all the changes that have occurred over the past decade, and are tranquilize occurring, in media content and within media companies. A.The starting signal definition of media convergence involves the technological get together of content across different media transmit. B. Cross political program describes a transaction model that involves consolidating various media holdings, such as cable television connections, phone services, television transmissions, and internet access, d acceptstairs one corporate umbrella. Our varied media institutions and outlets are fundamentally in the narrative-or storytelling handicraft. Media stories put events in context, helping us to better guess both mundane lives and the larger world. Culture as a hierarchy, showed by a skyscraper model, and culture as a process, correspond by a map model. Skyscraper High culture approximate taste, high education, and support by wealthy patrons and corporate donors, is associated with fine art, which is open primarily in libraries, theaters, and museums. Low culture Which is aligned with the questionable tastes of the masses, which bask the commercial cast out circulated by the mass media, such as human race TV, celebrity rag Web sites, and violent action films.MediaThe 1920s in the States was a time o f unprecedented ingathering and cultural expansion, up to that time, than ever before. America had love back from Europe victorious in the Great warfare and the great cities like gelt and sore York, along with the rest of the hoidenish, was right off a creditor nation. This growth helped to spark the second industrial revolution in which consumerism helped to drive the regards and wants of its people. More and much than inventions which the modern American takes for apt(p) started to flood into the culture at this time. This increase in consumerism was spurred on by the gains which technology helped to make possible.The 1920s was a really important grade for the media in this country and which served as not only one of the some interesting but important decades for this medium of American culture. Television was invented in this decade but would not be introduced on a subject area level until the 1939 World Fair and that was only a demonstration. mess got their give- and-take through the newsreels at the movies, radio, for the few people that had consequently but for the just rough part through newspapers.The latter was the almost important and powerful medium for Americans to receive their news. In sunrise(prenominal) York City, there were seventeen daily newspapers with some turning out more than one translation a day. Eventually, the influence of the radio and television would come onto the national scene and usurp the influence that those mediums had on the 1920s but with most mediums which have such an important and evocative influence on the nation and its culture, it had to have a parentage and for radio and motion pictures which portrayed the news, the 1920s contributed a great deal to the formation and growth of these.The 1920s was one of the most important years for ordinary culture in this countrys history. Some would say that the cost pop culture and important being used in the selfsame(prenominal) sentence would be an oxymoron and usually, I would not be in bring disagreement with them. However, the 1920s ushered in a greater understanding of the country which was on the move and sought a higher standard of upkeep then ever before. This newer sense of worldly capitalism came from technology and much of that was within the media.The 1930s and the 1940s would eclipse the 1920s in its addiction upon the radio. However, its importance at this time cannot be overlooked. In moving the consumerism that would help to define the decade, the radio was able to reach the masses in a way that was unthinkable just a decade before. One archetype was a simple advertizement in New York City for apartments in one of its Burroughs. This single thirty second advertisement spot created a rush of phone calls to the realtor in charge of the properties that the main phone host was shut down. Over $150,000 of apartments were bought in a single day and to redress for inflation that number would be just short of $2 million.1It has been be that people respond more to what they hear and see than what they hear. This is why most people today read very little compared to what their parents or grandparents did in their youth. Seeing the news was simply more entertaining and enticing for the mass of people. The radio exploited that truth and as a result, became the central contingent in a persons house as well up as in their life as a main obtain for their news. The startle presidential election was broadcasted over Pittsburghs KDKA in 1920.2 People, for the first time, could hear in almost real time, the debates and election results as they first came over the wire.This helped to spur an interest in politics and world events which before, people could successfully avoid had they not felt concerned in what was occurring alfresco of their immediate sphere of influence. The radio helped to create a global society for Americans who would never, could never travel to the various places which r adio brought to their living rooms.3 This served as its major(ip) appeal.The radio also served as free advertisements for the major sports of the day. It was first protested by the baseball owners who felt that radio was stealing their product and those who could listen on the radio, would be less compelled to come to the ballpark. This seems like common sense, but in reality, the exact opposite happened. Being re spirited of the ballgame and in listening to the daily actions of their favorite team, spurred a heightened interest which could only be quelled by visiting the ballpark for oneself.As a partial result, along with the heroics of babe Ruth and other famous athletes, the sports enjoyed a golden era in sports. Jack Dempsey vs. Gene Tunney in boxing, the Four Horsemen of Notre Dame in Football, supply racing and the further cementing of baseball as the nations past time, all occurred in the 1920s because of the advances in technology especially in the media.4Another form of the media which came to take hold in the 1920s was the newsreels. The artificer of television is still under dispute but what is not under dispute is that even though the majority of advancements in television occurred in the 1920s, television was non existent in American homes. The closest thing to come to television was the newsreels which occurred before, in between and after the movies at the local cinema. individually one was only a few minutes in space and before 1927, were all without sound. A newsreel in the 1920s would bring scenes of the New York Yankees winning some other backing or Notre Dame running to another undefeated season.It would also bring the events of the world and Presidents Harding and Coolidge. The death of President Wilson and the beginning of the slow death which would be the League of Nations would be shown to audiences. The Teapot Dome grime helped to infuriate a nation over the corruption of their government as well as Charles Lindbergh flight f rom New York to Paris in 1927.5 People could actually see Lindbergh leaving New York and arriving in Paris rather of just reading it.This produced a highly electric sapiditying a feeling which made Lindbergh the most famous non athlete of the 1920s in America. In simoleons, the Loeb and Leopold case would have been broadcasted to a shocked dinero as well as the rest of the nation. Two very smart and over privileged boys sought to commit the prefect crime by killing a fourteen year old boy who was picked at random. That case and the 1925 Scopes outpouring in Tennessee which put evolution on trial were two events in the judicial system which would command the attention of the American public in ways that the newspaper never could.The most important form of the media was the newspaper during the 1920s. The newspaper served as an affordable form of news and which served as the rough draft of history. Despite many newspapers being heavily influenced by one political party over anoth er, historians look to newspapers and other primary written sources more than the various elements of popular culture when trying to interpret an era in our nations history. Two of the most important newspapers of that time were the New York sequences and Chicago Tribune.In the eighty years since the 1920s, the subscription of the Chicago Tribune has actually decreased from 920,000 to a little more than 620,000 in 2006.6 This truth, despite the fact that there are roughly 180 million more Americans in the country and Chicago land, which currently totals more than 5.5 million people, helps to explicate the rapid decline in the power and influence which newspapers had from then until now.7 Also, most of the major newspapers had more than one edition per day. The Chicago Tribune would have a morning edition and then a later afternoon edition that same day with a comparable circulation.The price of the newspaper at that time was 2 cents in the city and up to 3 cents in the suburbs. T herefore, it was a cheap form of receiving the news and one which was readily forthcoming throughout the city and suburbs. The newspaper would be divided into members World and Sports with other sections inverted into those sections. The events of the world and important political actions would be seen on the motion of the page with columns towards the end of the World section. Box scores and In the enkindle of the parole would help its readers to follow the actions of their favorite team. Local sports were also very important as was seen when 109,000 people showed up at Soldiers Field in Chicago to watch the citys high school championship football game.Another important aspect of the newspaper was the advertisements within its pages. The largest section would be reserved for the Saturday and Sunday papers. Despite its crude pictures compared to todays standards, seeing a model wearing the largest fashions were even more influential than the fashion magazines of its day. This helped to promote the consumerism that was so easily identifiable with the 1920s. People need to be reminded of what will make their lives better, regardless of how little that item is actually needed.This was the job of the major clothing companies and department gillyflowers of the day and they looked to the newspapers as the number one form of advertisement for their business. One store owner verbalize The secret is not how to supply the goods but how to supply the customers by making them want what we have to sell. This is one of the most daunting problems which face advertisers How to create demand for the products which a producer has to sell and which usually is not inherent for the customer to have.By creating an illusion in the customers mind which tells him or her that such an item is essential to their continued happiness the store that can do that, will never have to worry round producing the customers and with the mass production of their products through the modern inventions of various machines, producing the goods was neither a problem as well. At that time, they were the most important form of advertisement for the major companies in America and the store owners who took advantage of this influential medium, enjoyed high returns on their investments.The media is important in this country, not just to tell us what our nations movie starts up to but they serve as the first draft of history. Historians, when attempting to fully appreciate the era which they study, refer to erudite sources but it is the primary source which is usually seen as the Holy Grail. The media in all of its various forms helps the historian as well as the interested in knowing what the society at that time felt was important and was of an interest to the country at that time. The use of the radio, newsreels and newspaper all served that endeavor and help to give future generations a closer look at what motivated the country as a whole and how the media helped to moti vate the blueprint the country as well.The stuffy of the media, in all of its forms and in the years since doubting Thomas Paines Common Sense in 1776 sought to lead the rest of the colonists that the choice before them was as simple yet doubtful as liberty or death. In much of the same way, though not always as dramatic, the mass production of sounds, words, images and ideas, which are give across the country and even the world it has been the media, although not always unbiased, which has helped to bring America into the information age. As the radio and newsreels were to this generation, the Internet is to Americans of this era. Despite its major differences, they both have a lot alike and show that the more things change, the more they really do stay the same. The method of transporting information cogency have improved but it still affects the way people think, feel and even vote.WORKS CITEDBurns, Ric The History of New York sequence 6. Los Angeles Time Warner 1999Paine, T homas Common Sense New York WW Norton 1948Mead, Joan The History of the Media in America. Chicago University of Chicago Press 1987Front page of the Chicago Tribune October 10, 1925Front Page of the New York Times June 15, 1927Top 10 American Newspapers http//www.newspapers.com/top10.html Downloaded July 10, 2007 1 Burns, Ric The History of New York Episode 6. Los Angeles Time Warner 1999 2 Burns, Ric The History of New York Episode 6. Los Angeles Time Warner 1999 3 Mead, Joan The History of the Media in America. Chicago University of Chicago Press 1987 pg. 18 4 Mead, Joan The History of the Media in America. Chicago University of Chicago Press 1987 pg. 22 5 Burns, Ric The History of New York Episode 6. Los Angeles Time Warner 19996 http//www.newspapers.com/top10.html 7 Mead, Joan The History of the Media in America. Chicago University of Chicago Press 1987 pg. 28MediaNews media plays an important role in by providing information to the public nigh matters affecting their lives and the society in which they live. The news media also plays an important role in identifying nonmarket issues and stimulating action that affects their progress. The news media finds business of interest, and with stories instantly transmissible worldwide by the broadcast media and the Internet, a firms actions are in the eye of the media and under the scrutiny of interest groups, activists, and government. A fortune 500 participation can have a great year according to their one-year report, and then get hit by a series of blasts from the media some their labor practices, causing sales to plummet . Many companies dread media insurance coverage of their nonmarket issues and have had to develop a capability for interacting with the media.The essential role the news media plays in a democracy is accompanied by a certificate of indebtedness to provide information in an accurate and unbiased manner so that individuals can formulate their own conclusions round issues. News organizati ons face incentives, including those provided by pays, and pressures from competition among news organizations. Similarly, diarists face incentives associated with race and professional advancement. These incentives and pressures complicate the fulfilment of that responsibility. The news media itself is a diverse collection of organizations, including television, radio, internet services, blogs, newspapers, magazines, and journals, and each faces its own set of challenges.Management and journalists are different in their perspective on what constitutes who, what where and why of a story. Media companies are motivated by profit so management is concerned with the story that makes the most profit. On the other hand, And journalist are guided by professional standards and their conduct is governed by editorial control when choosing and reporting their subject matter. So whatever journalists have career interest. Editorial control govern their conduct.In the 21st century large media companies like Time Warner Cable, ABC, NBC and CBS, etc., control the media. Its all ratings and profitability. The higher their ratings, the better the profit for the large media companies.MediaIn this book, we examine the history and business of mass media, and hold forth the media as a central force In shaping our culture and our democracy. A. Critical process for Investigating media industries and Issues. L. Address key Ideas Including communication, culture, mass media, and mass communication. N. Investigating important periods In communication history the oral, Whiten, print, electric, and digital eras. Ill. project the development of a mass medium from emergence to convergence. Lb. Learn about how convergence has changed our relationship to media v. Look at the central role of storytelling in media and culture. . Discuss two models for organizing and categorizing culture a skyscraper and a map. Evil. Trace important cultural values in both the modern and postmodern societie s. Viii. require media literacy and the five stages of the critical process description, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, and engagement. Often, culture is narrowly associated with art, the unique forms of fanciful expression that give pleasure and set standards about what Is true, good, and beautiful. (Can be viewed more broadly as the ways In which people live and represent themselves at particular historical time.Communication the creation and use of symbol systems that bring Information and meaning (e. G. Languages, more code, motion pictures, and one-zero binary computer codes). A. Culture, therefore, Is a process that delivers the values of society through products or other meaning making forms. B. Culture inks individuals to their society by providing both shared and contested values and the mass media help circulate those values. There eras, which all still operate to some degree, are oral, written, print, electronic, digital. A.The mass media are the culture industr ies-the channels f communication-that produce and distribute songs, novels, TV shows, newspaper, movies, video games, internet services, and other cultural products to large numbers of people. Mass communication the process of pattern cultural messages and stories and delivering them to large and diverse audiences through media channels as old and distinctive as the printed book and as converged as the internet. A. Hastened by the growth of Industry and modern technology, mass communication accompanied the shift or rural populations to urban settings and the rise of a consumer culture.In digital communication, images, texts, and sounds are reborn onto electronic signals( represented as varied combinations of binary number-ones and zeroes) that are then reassembled( decoded) as a precise reproduction of, say, a TV picture, a magazine article, a song, or a telephone voice. Sender (authors, producers, and organizations) transmit messages (programs, texts, images, sounds, and ads) thr ough a mass media channel (newspapers, books, magazines, radio, television, or the internet) to large groups of receivers. . In process, gatekeeper function as message filters. Media gatekeeper make decisions about what messages actually get produced for particular receivers. I. The process also allows for dieback, In which citizens and consumers, If they choose, return messages to senders or gatekeepers through letters to the editor, phone calls, email, we postings, or talk shows. electoral exposure people typically seek messages and produce meanings that correspond to their own cultural beliefs, values, and interests. Tag in the development of media-convergence- a term that media critic and analysts use when describing all the changes that have occurred over the past decade, and are still occurring, in media content and within media companies. Medium an intervening substance through which something is conveyed or reanimated. Media innovations typically go through four stages. A. Emergence, or novelty, stage. I. Inventors and technicians try to solve a particular problem, such as making pictures move, contagion messages form ship to shore, or sending mail electronically. . Entrepreneurial stage I. Inventors and investors determine a practical and marketable use for the new device. C. Mass medium stage I. Businesses figure out how to market the new device or medium as a consumer product. D. Convergence stage I. cured media are reconfigured in various forms on newer media. Convergence a ERM that media critics and analysts use when describing all the changes that have occurred over the past decade, and are still occurring, in media content and within media companies. A.The first definition of media convergence involves the technological get together of content across different media channels. B. Cross platform describes a business model that involves consolidating various media holdings, such as cable connections, phone services, television transmissions, and internet access, under one corporate umbrella. Our varied media institutions and outlets are basically in the narrative-or storytelling business. Media stories put events in context, helping us to better understand both daily lives and the larger world. Culture as a hierarchy, represented by a skyscraper model, and culture as a process, represented by a map model. Skyscraper High culture Good taste, high education, and back up by wealthy patrons and corporate donors, is associated with fine art, which is available primarily in libraries, theaters, and museums. Low culture Which is aligned with the questionable tastes of the masses, which enjoy the commercial argufy circulated by the mass media, such as reality TV, celebrity newsmonger Web sites, and violent action films.MediaIn this book, we examine the history and business of mass media, and discuss the media as a central force In shaping our culture and our democracy. A. Critical process for Investigating media industries and Issues. L. Address key Ideas Including communication, culture, mass media, and mass communication. N. Investigating important periods In communication history the oral, Whiten, print, electric, and digital eras. Ill. Examine the development of a mass medium from emergence to convergence. Lb. Learn about how convergence has changed our relationship to media v. Look at the central role of storytelling in media and culture. . Discuss two models for organizing and categorizing culture a skyscraper and a map. Evil. Trace important cultural values in both the modern and postmodern societies. Viii. Study media literacy and the five stages of the critical process description, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, and engagement. Often, culture is narrowly associated with art, the unique forms of creative expression that give pleasure and set standards about what Is true, good, and beautiful. (Can be viewed more broadly as the ways In which people live and represent themselves at particular historical time.Communication the creation and use of symbol systems that convey Information and meaning (e. G. Languages, more code, motion pictures, and one-zero binary computer codes). A. Culture, therefore, Is a process that delivers the values of society through products or other meaning making forms. B. Culture inks individuals to their society by providing both shared and contested values and the mass media help circulate those values. There eras, which all still operate to some degree, are oral, written, print, electronic, digital. A.The mass media are the culture industries-the channels f communication-that produce and distribute songs, novels, TV shows, newspaper, movies, video games, internet services, and other cultural products to large numbers of people. Mass communication the process of designing cultural messages and stories and delivering them to large and diverse audiences through media channels as old and distinctive as the printed book and as converged as the in ternet. A. Hastened by the growth of Industry and modern technology, mass communication accompanied the shift or rural populations to urban settings and the rise of a consumer culture.In digital communication, images, texts, and sounds are converted onto electronic signals( represented as varied combinations of binary number-ones and zeroes) that are then reassembled( decoded) as a precise reproduction of, say, a TV picture, a magazine article, a song, or a telephone voice. Sender (authors, producers, and organizations) transmit messages (programs, texts, images, sounds, and ads) through a mass media channel (newspapers, books, magazines, radio, television, or the internet) to large groups of receivers. . In process, gatekeeper function as message filters. Media gatekeeper make decisions about what messages actually get produced for particular receivers. I. The process also allows for dieback, In which citizens and consumers, If they choose, return messages to senders or gatekeepers through letters to the editor, phone calls, email, we postings, or talk shows. Elective exposure people typically seek messages and produce meanings that correspond to their own cultural beliefs, values, and interests. Tag in the development of media-convergence- a term that media critic and analysts use when describing all the changes that have occurred over the past decade, and are still occurring, in media content and within media companies. Medium an intervening substance through which something is conveyed or reanimated. Media innovations typically go through four stages. A. Emergence, or novelty, stage. I. Inventors and technicians try to solve a particular problem, such as making pictures move, transmitting messages form ship to shore, or sending mail electronically. . Entrepreneurial stage I. Inventors and investors determine a practical and marketable use for the new device. C. Mass medium stage I. Businesses figure out how to market the new device or medium as a consumer product. D. Convergence stage I. Older media are reconfigured in various forms on newer media. Convergence a ERM that media critics and analysts use when describing all the changes that have occurred over the past decade, and are still occurring, in media content and within media companies. A.The first definition of media convergence involves the technological merging of content across different media channels. B. Cross platform describes a business model that involves consolidating various media holdings, such as cable connections, phone services, television transmissions, and internet access, under one corporate umbrella. Our varied media institutions and outlets are basically in the narrative-or storytelling business. Media stories put events in context, helping us to better understand both daily lives and the larger world. Culture as a hierarchy, represented by a skyscraper model, and culture as a process, represented by a map model. Skyscraper High culture Good taste, high educ ation, and supported by wealthy patrons and corporate donors, is associated with fine art, which is available primarily in libraries, theaters, and museums. Low culture Which is aligned with the questionable tastes of the masses, which enjoy the commercial Junk circulated by the mass media, such as reality TV, celebrity gossip Web sites, and violent action films.