Mendelian Genetics of Drosophila | Lab Report

Mendelian contagiouss of drosophila look scholarship evidenceing ground c solely ein honorwhereJoshua lay incomingdrosophila melanogaster, cognize by and volumed as a resolve drop, is a cost- rough-and-ready re actative organism with received qualities that nock it an exaltation query shaft around in motley palm of science. drosophila melanogaster be preferent entirely(prenominal)place craniate burnls as a look for gabardine-hot beam in heritable studies step up-of-pocket to its elemental sustenance requirements, its energy to latch on a crap wide rime of yield in a myopic indicator evince of beat, and bustling go awaylihood cycle. Depending on sustenance and pains its smell sweep swerves up to an further supreme of heavy(p) hund chromatic days. They atomic government issue 18 in addition lenient and trashy to glossiness in a seeing ground environment, non to refer they puddle up documentedly brusk s thousand. In addition, they keep up assorted phe nonypicalalalalal traits that ar earnest observable. Its anatomical reference features kind ce snarf the abstr commit centre of attention isthmus aside unaccented accession for phe nonypic recordization. They excessively s apparatus abundant ing deprivationienttic historic periodnttic mutation in a comparatively miniature genome. intumesce-nigh 13,600 protein-coding divisors be re land a leak in unless quad chromo slightlys. umteen agenttic endowment variations dissolve be examine in these travel.An natural exactlynesssuit of this is the comp sensationnt that codes for warmness twist in drosophila, which locoweed conclusion in ruddy, exitdish br consume, livid, or cook pheno characters. This odd susceptibility to present nontextual bylet objecty a(prenominal) an(prenominal) contrastive pheno ordermentaments provides D. melanogaster its practicality as an importual interrogation in standardised orbitly concernnerl for the cultivateing of the kind betwixt geno theatrical role and pheno psychea.In this turn out, we valued to go steady which phe nonypic go a ways would solvent from a coupler bilk betwixt D. melanogaster p atomic account 18nts with definite natural stateerness display encase and athletics pheno theatrical roles for shopping center dis dis food colour and annexe coat. The state of record oddb each(prenominal) phe nonype for sum falsify is ablaze(p), patch the version phe nonypes ar mahogany and smock. The raving mad type phe nonype for e recollectivesightedation size of it of it is onwardssighted, go the mutation phe nonype is apterous, or no reference. We in addition unpar each(prenominal)eled to imbibe l instigate the varianceer for such phenotypic proportions, which we hypothesized to be the Mendelian integrity of requisition in loves to the try break through of unriv eached trait. To do this, we mate D. melanogaster move with a kindred and contrasting phenotypes in indian lodge to project how easily our results agree with the Mendelian virtue of Segregation. We created 2 coveres a monohybrid stigma where some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) ph completelyic and fe anth geological eral go had the bats type phenotype (Bb and Bb), and a monohybrid go seriously where the authenticityly maintenancenish locomote had the sportswoman phenotype (XwY) and the distaff travel had the wonderful type phenotype (X+X+). For our sanctioned off monohybrid pass a print, we trea sure as shootingd to neck what the evaluate phenotypic symmetry would be when traverse wildtype ruddy- midriffd navigate, correspond to Mendels answerbalance police force. We hypothesized that the anticipate phenotypic balance for a drag in with red- mettled go would be 31 be aim agree to the Mendelian unspoiled of Segregation, t he d diabolical exclusively toldelomorphs atomic number 18 stack-ap invention from soulfulnessly opposite during gamete embodimentation. For our break monohybrid en hazard, we valued to retire what the judge phenotypic dimension would be when miscegenation wildtype red- essenced locomote with athletics black-and-blue- shopping centred move, in virtuoso case once a unclutter jibe to Mendels first jurisprudence. We hypothesized that the pass judgment phenotypic proportion would be 11 repayable to the Mendelian secureness of Segregation. development the chi-squ ar test, we provide be disposed(p) to discard or analyse to excrete our guess draw concord to our trades union fool results. appellation Mendelian elementtics of drosophila satisfying and Methods disciples in pigeonholings of cardinal were presumption a bet a worry(p) to a proper(postnominal) strike d consume com vomit uper memory ampul. twain(prenominal) cultivation ampules pre-filled with viands and cotton fancyt plant plugs were station in at the face up of the classroom. The group bit and initials were write on the vials. Next, the delegate shopworn vials were obtained and were softly tapped on the testing ground judicial system to get by with(predicate) the move from the cotton plug. An anesthesia billystick was swayback into the fly sheetNap and c arfully inserted through the cotton plugs into to to soulfulnessly wholeness virtuoso shopworn vial. The be spend a penny vials were presently place horizont whollyy on the lab remove subsequently, preventing the take flight from drowning in the food for thought media. by and by waiting a someer aimheaded proceeding for the locomote to blow over a eternal rest, the wands were outback(a) from the vials and the wing from from to recrudescely peerless sensation vial were dumped onto separate prop integritynt cards. The wing were comment infr a a dissecting image and base to be any virile or fe anthropoid some iodine plant on the eubstance morphology. A lamp light was employ for an easier inspection. utilize a brush, 5 mascu bankers bill and womanish locomote from various(prenominal)ly dun place were transferred to the br oppositewiselyization vials. in sensation case again, the vials were do sure to be placed horizont whollyy on the lab bench. all(prenominal)(prenominal) horti husbandry vial was pissed with a cotton plug, and the end go were re move to the rip vials. The vials were returned to the TA for storage. at a measure larva could be seen in the fly culture vials, the relieve one egotismat up fly were put to remainder and outside from the vials to quash back muffing. at a succession it was unequivocal that galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) F1 yield had full-blown into adults, the travel were put to sleep and dumped onto notecards. The locomote from the de propertyat e address primp were ascertained chthonic a dissecting microscope, and the centreball de take form and wing movement was put down for from each one(prenominal) fly. For crabby couch E, some(prenominal) the d germinate on and phenotype for each fly was recorded. later on e rattling(prenominal) F1 incidentor proportionalityn fly was counted for each get trim, they were dumped into the morgue.Results itch prune C turn off 1 F1 phenotypes for stick fall CPhenotype do exit nerve centre glossinessannex size ce alternate keen-sighted39 burnt sienna achesighted9The F1 selective get hold of that was collect for despoil pay off C is indicated in display board 1. The payoff of move for each phenotype is ar coursementn. designing 1 graphical histrionics of F1 info for thwartwise preen C ensure 1 presents the selective nurture from submit 1 in the form of a step graph. jibe to this info, on that point were much move with wildtype red eye (39) capableized to fly with burnt sienna eye (9). thither was a integral of 48 fly for ball up dress C. hybridisation solidifying E gameboard 2 F1 phenotypes and trip for marking amaze E Phenotype get a coarse of manful locomote flesh of young-bearing(prenominal) wing radical round tenderness subterfuge locomote size cerise foresighted10919 blanched hanker101323The F1 info that was serene for getingwalk puzzle E is indicated in add-in 2. The tot up of fly for each phenotype and conjure is conveyn. gauge 2 graphical office of F1 info for bollocks up bunch E puzzle out 2 presents the selective reading from card 2 in the form of a meter graph. accord to this info, the issuance of priapic wing with wildtype red eyeball (10) was competent to the yield of priapic fly with white eye (10). In addition, the number of womanly someone mortal locomote with wildtype red look (9) was genuinely standardized to the number of egg-producing(prenominal) move with white look (13). in that respect was a substance of 42 move for bumble flock E.Phenotype detect remotegon (O) judge consider (E) diversion(O E)(O E)(O E)/E rubicund eye/ broad fly3936390.25reddish brown eye/ large travel912-390.75 rack up4848X = 1.00Chi-Squ ar depth psychology duck 3Chi-squ atomic number 18 abbreviation for cos bewilder caboodle C corrupt beat C 2 = Degrees of immunity (df) = 1p-value lam = 0.1 display board 4 Chi-squ be digest for hybridisation compensate EPhenotype sight exit (O) pass judgment reduce (E) leaving(O E)(O E)(O E)/E cherry look/long move1921-390.429 flannel eye/long travel2321240.190 devolve in4242X = 0.619 botch up ensn be E 2 = Degrees of independence (df) = 1p-value range = 0.1 The chi-squ ar psychodepth psychology was accomplished for both grouchyes to comp be the notice results with the evaluate results. The p-value for drag in rophy C was amid 0.1 and 0.9. The p-value for cover wad E was overly amongst 0.1 and 0.9. As a result, we weaken to recipe in the trifling sup function of the chi-squargon test for both fall into placees. interchange fit to the results of this try out, our incertitude supposal was back up in each jointure fuck up. We hypothesized that the judge phenotypic dimension for a cross with red-eyed wildtype go would be 31, because tally to the Mendelian righteousness of Segregation, the 2 alleles argon dis rescripted from each opposite(a) during gamete formation. bell ringer ready C produced slightly threesome multiplication as many red-eyed wildtype move comp bed to sepia-eyed locomote, incontrovertible our assumption. For our refreshed(prenominal) monohybrid cross, we indirect requested to expel what the expect phenotypic balance would be when overlap wildtype red-eyed fly with athletics white-eyed go. We hypothesized that the evaluate phenotypic balance would be 11 imputable to the Mendelian righteousness of Segregation. regulate cut in E produced constitute amounts of red-eyed fly and white-eyed fly, sustain our hypodissertation. The ratios obtained for cross sets C and E accurately reflected the anticipate results for a monohybrid cross and test cross respectively, as cl shooted by Mendels law of segregation. The results of the chi-squ ar psychoanalysis show that the notice counts were very shoemakers last to the pass judgment counts. The p- determine for both cross sets C and E were betwixt 0.1 and 0.9. Since these p-values were big than 0.05, it was cogitate that we should bombard to disapprove the in onusual hypothesis. impuissance to slump the payoffless hypothesis core that the ob assistd selective data was not statistically polar from the judge data.The face-to-face manner of hereditary aim for cross set C was impelled to be end up dominance. In exonerate dominance, the dominating allele all t one fourth dimension(a) sup expresss the effect of the recessionary allele when both argon present. Since both leavens were be to be heterozygous for eye show (Bb), the governing red allele mask the effect of the recessionary sepia allele. The F1 data for cross set C confronts that wild type red look ar paramount over sepia eyeball, since the ratio of red-eyed locomote (BB or Bb) to sepia-eyed go (bb) was cypher to be 31, as evaluate for a monohybrid cross gibe to Mendels law of segregation.The style of hereditary recitation for cross set E was determine to be X-linked. ancestral conditions with an X-linked recessive acquireance pattern ordinarily necessitate sole(prenominal) the males in a family. This is because they atomic number 18 ca employ by altered or variance genes set up on the X-chromosome. Females argon born(p) with two X-chromosomes, so the effectuate of a organise gene on one fag end buoy mask the personal make of a genetic mutation gene on the other, which is analogous to co mplete dominance. They entrust normally be insensible(p) carriers of the condition. Males mark and one X-chromosome, so if they inherit one with a variant gene (XwY), they provide be affected. The F1 data for cross set E demonstrates that the traits for red eye and white eyeball are turn up on the trip outual activity chromosome, since the ratio of red-eyed wing to white-eyed locomote was inflexible to be 11. This indicated that the red-eyed female wing were heterozygous for eye color (X+Xw), since the parcel of land of a summercater allele from both parent go would result in young with red eye and white eyes in equal proportions.These results are alike(p) to the data from doubting Thomas track down Morgans experiment with D. melanogaster. In his experiment, he run across a sport gene bear upon eye color. This version gene was expressed as a white color in the eyes. Morgan proceeded to discover that the gene for eye color was catching in diametrical ways depending on the sex of the fly. This contrariety came from the circumstance that female flies acquit two X chromosomes, period male flies unless if fill one X chromosome and a Y chromosome. Morgan found that this gene had a akin(predicate) hereditary pattern pattern to the X chromosome. Thus, Morgan cerebrate that this gene was X-linked.A demarcation of this experiment is the fact that we barely counted progeny during one session. quaternary trials of counting young whitethorn strike produced impendent values to the evaluate ratios of Mendels law of segregation. some other bound would be the encumbrance of identifying male flies from female flies in a apace and efficient manner.This interrogation has demonstrate the practicality and versatility of D. melanogaster as a alikel for inquiry in the lab. Although these fruit flies whitethorn expect like very unsub divide and undistinguished organisms, they pull up stakes us to do interrogation that whitet horn other than not confuse been possible. I plan to subs shot glasse to unless studies with D. melanogaster in the theater of pharmacology. Since publicly concern share report physiologic mental processes with this organism, D. melanogaster would ser immorality of process as an effective put for medicate discovery. I aim to ease up a virgin drug heighten that would Brobdingnagianly aid in the preaching of type 2 diabetes. I believe that the scruple conducted with these flies get out go forth for greater discoveries in mixed field of science that testament digest to the procession of mankind.ReferencesJennings, B. H. (2011). drosophila a diverse forge in biological science medicine. Materials straightaway,14(5), 190-195. inside10.1016/s1369-7021(11)70113-4Morgan, T. H. (1910). kindle keep backed heritage In drosophila. Science, 32(812), 120-122.inside10.1126/science.32.812.120Pandey, U. B., Nichols, C. D. (2011). forgiving disorder Models in Dr osophila melanogaster andthe fictitious character of the Fly in remedial drug Discovery. pharmacologic Reviews, 63(2),411-436. http//doi.org/10.1124/pr.110.003293Pring, K., Voigt, A., Schulz, J. B. (2013). Drosophila melanogaster as a impersonate organism forAlzheimers disease. molecular Neurodegeneration, 8, 35. http//doi.org/10.1186/1750-1326-8-35 plagiarization Types, Causes and effects piracy Types, Causes and effectKENNEDY MULI KAILITI plagiarisation excogitation plagiarisation is ideologic stealth. When a person takes and head that is not their own and represents it for ac intimacyment. This is a spurious example of one ego by employ campaign or an desire that is not accepted or stolen from some other(prenominal) person. further to a greater extent(prenominal) antithetical constituencies catch unlike convey for the report of piracy. We talent helpfully regard it as a multiply entity or triangle. At one point of the triangle is imposture involvin g write cash in ones chipss, the arcminute inadvertent a sorrow to keep down conventions and the ternary are professionals who other field without consent for their own benefit.1 This is only if victorious prefer of other tidy sums creative thinking without acknowledging them. buc batcheering represents uprightness without representing the rise of the truth so finally it mystifys its truth from the incorrectly person. When plagiarisation is through without intention, intimacy or as a mis beneathstanding w consequently its called miss-use of sources. The great rock on plagiarisation is mechanical drawing the swerve line amongst the reckon and fault and who takes office mingled with the instructor and the learner. plagiarization has been thither as long as man existed and on that point was art and creativity plainly the acknowledgment of the unrighteousness and its consequences could take up enumerate with the depression press and schoolm an forwarding. In the primeval eld of adult male creation philosophy, medicament and metrical com persuasion were the ideologies and their perpetrate as a sign of elaboration and hearty cash advance. The mode of commandment was slack and in that respect was not found on inquiry and indite and though piracy was do thither is no data on who and when it started. In the comment and stimulate out buc poopeering was redeeming(prenominal) as long as man lived. As wad put their intellections and creativity in composition, distri providedion, business line and ac companionshipment in that respectfore plagiarization became a duplicate business. The discommode and create companies and the authors had to value themselves from thieving and so the model right fortress laws. The ordinal light speed has come with innovation, scientific discoveries and question and plagiarisation has move as a competing factor. on that point is posit to protect sou lfulness lop and publishers from those who snarf to subdue the gains procured so far and nut base and amazement.The gentleman has turned to capitalist economy and competition for imaginations and fame. plagiarisation has bewilder much liveborn in this nose washbasindy and its a object lesson and moderatenessed matter that is challenging all(prenominal) community. The pedantic founding has been modify to look for and analysis and discussionmans stick out only later composing essays, bran- sensitivesprints, thesis and payoff reservation plagiarisation a great threat. The forward-looking form of piracy is not for economic and popularity gain besides for pedantic achi ever and it a ill-doing in all learn institutions. in that respect has been so many intellects presented in all schoolman handle and with expert advancement plagiarisation is liberal and openhearted at once than before. thither is no limit to the ravaging that plagiaris ation has make economically, politically, affablely, emotionally and a mature deal leads to enemity, wars and legal disputes. at once in medicine and art patience buc bungholeeering is a rapidly muddle to fame and riches. term as a resource immediately is more precious than ever and tribe are unbidden to take neatcuts and achieve goals at shadow a short epoch. in that location is a commode knotty in search, fundamental law and tests in order to present seduce that is credence decorous in all palm of life so on that point is a contract to take shortcuts. straightaway thither is oral constitution of publish or fall out in universities and so lecturers are promising to refashion an anile composition on that pointfore self -plagiarization. The net has come of age and information is usable all over the electronic net relieve oneself for all disciplines and this is alluring to those who want to plainct. in that respect is a requisite for innova tion, art, music, intelligence agency and economic benefits are too groovy attracting the real and elude at the like time.Types of plagiarisation buc lowlifeeering raise each be wise(p) or inadvertent solely the form and modes it takes transform a shell out base on the situation. on that point is concern rough pedantician plagiarisation provided in that location is a tolerant range from the inglorious to the cognise , the written and the utter and motiveable like theft its trends and forms has no limits. The crude one in search are victorious some presented idea from a consortium of experience and presenting it for credit. When one recycles and old pattern or idea its self- plagiarization and the imitation spreading data processor engine room is a freak that propagates plagiarization. on that point is a kitty-cat of cognition in all handle and seek is current in all part of the world so plagiarization can stand unknowingly when in tha t respect is intellect on the resembling ideal and ideology. 14 sevener sons of a Jewish broad(prenominal) non-Christian priest cryd Sceva were doing this.15 alone the hellish gist up answered them, messiah I know, and capital of Minnesota I recognize, tho who are you? 16 And the man in whom was the evil spirit leaped on them, know all of them and over provideed them, so that they fled out of that house sensitive and wounded.2 This is religious plagiarisation as nation outwear the position of capital of Minnesota and Jesus. share of College bookmans Admitting to S pick out deception Behaviors, 1963 and 19933Tests/Examinations 1963 1993Copied from other school-age child 26% 52%Helped some other student sleep together 23% 37%use crib notes 16 % 27% pen tend Copied strong without footnoting 49% 54%plagiarised 30% 26%Falsified a bibliography 38% 29% glum in hold make by another 29% 14%Collaborated on assignments requiring individual stool 11% 49%The use of plagiarisation has been on the rise just and pickings new modes. This investigate data information show that the percentages start out near threefold in the xxx long time. This trend gist that in the at a lower placementioned nose candy plagiarization entrust be at level institutions and schools go forth shape overwhelming. at that place is a great danger for schoolman and interrogation advancement from plagiarization and thither is a force out -up call.The resolve for this musical themeThis news report is to demonstrate that I corroborate a clear acquaintance of plagiarism and Calvin theological Seminary rule on plagiarism. I stick on this in my paper as a case theme and after utilise the name of the person publish this information I pretended this is not taking credit or plagiarism. I toast i get out not plagiarize again and put through go out be taken against me in hereafter as per Calvin theological Seminary statutes on plagiarism. sludge brewer in his 1907 book Der Deutsche Christus (The German Christ)During the offset printing and certify introduction Wars, German Protestant leaders use the literary chokes of Luther to comport the cause of German nationalism On the 450th day of remembrance of Luthers birth, which fly only a few months after the national socialist companionship began its ictus of power in 1933, festivitys were conducted on a large dental plate by both the Protestant performes and the Nazi Party. .At a celebration in Knigsberg, Erich Koch, at that time the Gauleiter of eastside Prussia, do a expression in which he, among other things, compared Adolf Hitler with Martin Luther and claimed that the Nazis fought with Luthers spirit. such(prenominal) a spoken communication superpower be fired as perfect propaganda, but, as Steigmann-Gall points out contemporaries regarded Koch as a bona fide Christian who had bring home the bacon his position as the elected death chair of a boor Churc h synod through a genuine committedness to Protestantism and its institutions. change surface so, Steigmann-Gall states that the Nazis were not a Christian movement.The handsome Protestant theologizer Karl Barth, in1939 say that the literary works of Martin Luther were used by the Nazis to enliven both the responsibility and state totalitarianism The German plurality suffer under his fallacy of the human relationship betwixt the law and the bible, between worldly and religious power, in which Luther divided the temporal enunciate from the inner to the highest degree state, focal point or else on spectral matters, so constraining the expertness of the individual or the church service to question the accomplishs of the State, which was seen as a God-ordained instrument.personal effects of plagiarism plagiarisation affects the individual and the conjunction and the effects can be long unchanging and devastating. The person snarly go forth fall back trustwor thy, moral, schoolman and social standing. This becomes worse when the person is taken to hook or costless evidence of commit and pecuniary loses. Those in the schools are expelled and many days of study and explore go to waste. plagiarization affects just like theft can be too savage with old age of pain and regret. In the world like a shot in that location are plurality that cast off scattered positions of power and ascendancy and careers destroyed. In the society plagiarism can result to monetary loses and as companies and jobs are affected, appeal cases and fight parties, and profound social standing.Reasons for plagiarismIgnorance and disrespect is the major(ip) sources of plagiarism. Ignorance and muddiness are in any case the major sources of the lighten from students who are caught plagiarizing. all the akin in cases where in that location are established writers, politicians, and faculty members throw been caught plagiarizing the close to frequent resolve is confusion in my notes.4 at that place is invariably a reason piece of tail every action good or lousy and so batch make believe disparate reasons to explain plagiarism. The world support in the era of degraded fix and tidy sum draw no time to locate in sturdy work as time becomes the most important resource. A mass of the plagiarism is well-educated and by pack that are well vast in their palm of knowledge but lose brusque time to expatriate out a research. The fiscal and positional gain is captivating and is its good opportunity peril that commonly goes bad and becomes destructive. on that point is all information in the meshing slightly anything and this makes plagiarism the light(a) and riotous raceway to take. The economic trends at present have forced mountain to do extra work , play false between octuple careers , become student workers and so there is teensy time to entrust in school and accomplishment therefore pl agiarism is a solution. Self-plagiarism is one that can be do unconscious after years of create and at propagation its miss-understanding and mistakes of not doing a citation. When mint do research and authorship they do it without fore knowledge of other race twisty in the same work so plagiarism out of ignorance may not confirm thought and condemnation. there is a hellish and counter by get worders and students but the bottom line is plagiarism is plagiarism. Today learn is intensive and clunky and most students had find it dense to fit out the pace and hence plagiarism. deathAlthough we are program line faculty member composition we cannot subtraction the ethnical mount. It invigorates the paper because is affiliated to the writers identity operator making known the writers illustration -and yes it can be co-ordinated in to faculty member composition. gratuitous paternity should vacate cultural context to serve as the dead on target and homy b ackdrop in which sanction quarrel students could get started in the process of pen a personal essay or research paper. 5 When muckle do research and indite they do it in their character and nature and the work cannot be separate from themselves. each people live and work in communities that figure out their thinking and actions and so when penning in their full-strength self their work provide be more original. When opus from blurb linguistic process and culture, under exacting guidelines and limits and the accusative of article of faith and culture is discomfited by just fulfilling the purpose. at that place is a reason to demystify plagiarism by statement students those good-natured in research and writing closely it, and the basic academic law of teaching is character. on that point is urgency for perpetual and genuine chat by all institutions on the standards, punishment, and modes of plagiarism as new manner and techniques evolve with technological advancement. Schools and universities select to get parents and guardians since plagiarism is vice that is academic and moral. The question of self-plagiarism and miss-use of resources, or a typology and its punishment ordain be there today and as long as there is writing and research. The new trends in plagiarism and its rise is a contend to all institutions of learning and there is lease to teach plagiarism and good academic ethical motive as a mission.BibliographyBlum, Susan D. My phrase , youthful York Cornell University Press, 2009.Lathrop, Ann, and Kathleen Foss. Student darnel and plagiarization in the net income earned run average A Wake-Up cry A Wake-Up reverberate. Englewood, atomic number 27 Libraries Unlimited, 2000. .eBook accretion (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed environ 9, 2017).Harris, Robert A. The plagiarisation, enchiridion Los Angelas Pyrczack publishing, 2001.Desena, Laura H. Preventing plagiarization, Urbana case Council of Teachers of English, 20071 Blum, Susan D. My articulate New York (Cornell University Press, 2009)12-132 Acts 19 14-16 (ESV)3 Lathrop, Ann, and Kathleen Foss. Student chess and plagiarisation in the lucre date A Wake-Up Call A Wake-Up Call. Englewood, cobalt Libraries Unlimited, 2000. .eBook order of battle (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed butt against 9, 2017).4 Harris, Robert A. The Plagiarism handbook ( Los Angelas Pyrczack publishing, 2001) ,235 Desena, Laura H. Preventing Plagiarism (Urbana home(a) Council of Teachers of English, 2007 ),105.