Electronic Waste

Electronic yearn From Wikipedia, the dissolve encyclopedia For the EC directive, see barbaric Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive. wrong and obsolete electronic equipment. Electronic counteract, e- exorbitance, e- dispose, or unfounded electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. There is a neglect of consensus as to whether the term should apply to resale, employ, and refurbishing industries, or only to product that throw out non be hire for its intended purpose.Informal treat of electronic muck up in ontogenesis countries whitethorn ca intake serious health and defilement problems, though these countries atomic be 18 as well most likely to recycle and resort electronics. Some electronic ch tout ensembleenge comp onenessnts, such as cathode-ray tubes, whitethorn contain contaminants such as headliner, compact disk, beryllium, orbrominated flame retardants. Even in developed countries cycle and g arbage disposal of e- knock off may involve signifi orduret risk to workers and communities and great c atomic keep d confess 18 must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling trading operations and leaching of material such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes.Scrap intentness and the States EPA officials agree that materials should be managed with caution. citation needed Contents hide 1 Definitions 2 Problems 3 world(prenominal) employment issues 4 E- drive away management o4. 1 cycle o4. 2 Consumer sensation efforts o4. 3 Processing techniques o4. 4 Benefits of recycling 5 Electronic consume substances o5. 1 Hazardous o5. 2 Generall(a)y non- fantastic 6 See in any case 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links editDefinitionsHoarding (left), disassembling (center) and collecting (right) electronic waste in Bengaluru, India Electronic waste may be defined as discarded com throwers, office electronic equipment, enjoyment device electronics, f luid phones, television make up ones minds andrefrigerators. This definition includes used electronics which argon articled for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal. Others define the re-usables ( work and doctorable electronics) and importary scrap ( bruiser, steel, plastic, etc. to be commodities, and booking the term waste for residue or material which is dumped by the vendee rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations. Because loads of surplus electronics atomic number 18 frequently commingled (good, recyclable, and non-recyclable), several public policy advocates apply the term e-waste mostly to all surplus electronics. Cathode ray tubes (CRT) argon considered one of the hardest types to recycle. 1 CRTs cook comparatively high concentration of lead and phosphors ( non to be confused with phosphorus), both of which be necessary for the display.The join States Env pushmental Protection Agency (EPA) includes discarded CRT monito rs in its category of raging household waste2 moreover considers CRTs that have been set aside for testing to be commodities if they are non discarded, speculatively accumulated, or left unprotected from weather and separate damage. Debate continues everywhere the distinction between commodity and waste electronics definitions. Some exporters are accuse of deliberately leaving difficult-to-recycle, obsolete, or non-repairable equipment mixed in loads of working equipment (though this may as well come through ignorance, or to avoid oftentimes costly treatment motiones).Protectionists may broaden the definition of waste electronics in order to protect domesticated marts from working secondary equipment. The high mensurate of the computer recycling subset of electronic waste (working and reusable laptops, desktops, and components like RAM) raise sponsor pay the cost of transportation for a larger number of worthless pieces than lowlife be achieved with display devices, which have less (or negative) scrap appraise. In A 2011 report, gold coast E- toss off Country Assessment,3 put that of 215,000 loads of electronics imported to Ghana, 30% were brand radical and 70% were used.Of the used product, the admit concluded that 15% was not reused and was scrapped or discarded. This contrasts with published but uncredited claims that 80% of the imports into Ghana were being burned in primitive conditions. editProblems A decompose of discarded circuit board Rapid changes in technology, changes in media (tapes, software, MP3), move prices, and planned obsolescence have resulted in a fast- ripening surplus of electronic waste around the globe. Dave Kruch, CEO of Cash For Laptops, regards electronic waste as a cursorily expanding issue. 4Technical tooth roots are available, but in most cases a legal framework, a collection system, logistics, and other services need to be implemented before a technical solution can be applied. Display units (CRT, LCD, L ED monitors), Processors (CPU chips, RAM), and audio components have different useful lives. Processors are most frequently out-dated (by software) and are much than likely to fail e-waste, small-arm display units are most often re office staffd while working without repair attempts, due to changes in wealthy nation appetites for novel display technology.An estimated 50 jillion tons of E-waste are arrived each year. citation needed The USA discards 30 million computers each year and coke million phones are disposed of in Europe each year. The environmental Protection Agency estimates that only 15-20% of e-waste is recycled, the consist of these electronics go directly into landfills and incinerators. 5 According to a report by UNEP titled, cycle from E-Waste to Resources, the amount of e-waste being produced including mobile phones and computers could rise by as much as 500 percent over the next decade in some countries, such as India. 6 The United States is the world l eader in producing electronic waste, tossing away nigh 3 million tons each year. 7 China already produces about 2. 3 million tons (2010 estimate) domestically, second only to the United States. And, despite having shunned e-waste imports, China remains a major(ip) e-waste dumping ground for developed countries. 7 Electrical waste contains hazardous but also valuable and scarce materials. Up to 60 elements can be found in complex electronics. In the United States, an estimated 70% of heavy metals in landfills comes from discarded electronics. 89 While there is agreement that the number of discarded electronic devices is increasing, there is considerable disagreement about the sexual congress risk (compared to automobile scrap, for example), and strong disagreement whether curtailing trade in used electronics give improve conditions, or make them worse. According to an article in Motherboard, attempts to restrict the trade have driven reputable companies out of the supply chain, with unintended consequences. 10 editGlobal trade issues See also Electronic waste by country Electronic waste is often exported to maturation countries. 4. -volt, D, C, AA, AAA, AAAA, A23, 9-volt, CR2032 and LR44 mobile phones are all recyclable in most countries. One theory is that increase law of electronic waste and concern over the environsal harm in mature economies creates an economic disincentive to remove residues prior to export. Critics of trade in used electronics maintain that it is still too easy for brokers calling themselves recyclers to export unscreened electronic waste to create countries, such as China,11 India and move of Africa, thus avoiding the expense of removing items like bad cathode ray tubes (the impact of which is expensive and difficult).The developing countries have become toxic dump yards of e-waste. Proponents of international trade run to the success of fair trade programs in other industries, where cooperation has led to invention of sus tainable jobs, and can bring affordable technology in countries where repair and reuse rates are higher. Defenders of the tradewho? in used electronics ordinate that line of descent of metals from virgin mining has been shifted to developing countries. Recycling of grunter, silver, gold, and other materials from discarded electronic devices is considered better for the environment than mining.They also state that repair and reuse of computers and televisions has become a lost art in wealthier nations, and that refurbishing has traditionally been a grade to development. South Korea, Taiwan, and southern China all excelled in finding hold take account in used goods, and in some cases have set up billion-dollar industries in refurbishing used ink cartridges, single-use cameras, and working CRTs. Refurbishing has traditionally been a threat to established manufacturing, and simple protectionism explains some criticism of the trade.Works like The Waste Makers by Vance Packard expl ain some of the criticism of exports of working product, for example the ban on import of tested working Pentium 4 laptops to China, or the bans on export of used surplus working electronics by japan. Opponents of surplus electronics exports advocate that lower environmental and labor standardiseds, cheap labor, and the relatively high value of recovered raw materials leads to a lurch of pollution-generating activities, such as smelting of blur wire.In China, Malaysia, India, Kenya, and various African countries, electronic waste is being direct to these countries for make foring, sometimes illegally. many another(prenominal) surplus laptops are routed to developing nationsas dumping grounds for e-waste. 4 Because the United States has not ratified the Basel Convention or its Ban Amendment, and has few domestic federal laws forbidding the export of toxic waste, the Basel Action Network estimates that about 80% of the electronic waste say to recycling in the U. S. does not ge t recycled there at all, but is put on container ships and sent to countries such as China. 12131415 This figure is disputed as an exaggeration by the EPA, the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, and the World Reuse, Repair and Recycling Association. nonparasitic research by genus Arizona State University showed that 87-88% of imported used computers did not have a higher value than the best value of the cistron materials they contained, and that the official trade in end-of-life computers is thus driven by reuse as opposed to recycling. 16 Guiyu in the Shantou voice of China, Delhi and Bangalore in India as well as the Agbogbloshie site near Accra, Ghana have electronic waste processing areas. 121718 Uncontrolled burning, disassembly, and disposal causes a variety of environmental problems such as ground piddle contamination, atmospheric pollution, or even water pollution either by immediate discharge or due tosurface runoff (especially near coastal areas), as well as hea lth problems including occupational gumshoe and health personal effects among those directly and indirectly involved, due to the methods of processing the waste. Thousands of men, women, and children are employed in highly polluting, primitive recycling technologies, extracting the metals, toners, and plastics from computers and other electronic waste.Recent studies show that 7 out of 10 children in this region have too much lead in their blood. citation needed Proponents of the trade say growth of internet access is a stronger correlation to trade than poverty. Haiti is measly and closer to the port of New York than southeast Asia, but far more electronic waste is exported from New York to Asia than to Haiti. Thousands of men, women, and children are employed in reuse, refurbishing, repair, and remanufacturing, unsustainable industries in decline in developed countries.Denying developing nations access to used electronics may deny them sustainable employment, affordable products , and internet access, or force them to bunch with even less scrupulous suppliers. In a series of sevensome articles for The Atlantic, Shanghai-based reporter Adam Minter describes many of these computer repair and scrap separation activities as objectively sustainable. 19 Opponents of the trade argue that developing countries utilize methods that are more harmful and more wasteful. An expedient and prevalent method is simply to toss equipment onto an open fire, in order to melt plastics and to burn away unvaluable metals.This releases carcinogens and neurotoxins into the air, contributing to an acrid, lingering smog. These noxious fumes include dioxinsand furans. 20 bonfire refuse can be disposed of quickly into drainage ditches or waterways feeding the ocean or local water supplies. 1521 In June 2008, a container of electronic waste, destined from the Port of Oakland in the U. S. to Sanshui District in mainland China, was intercepted in Hong Kong by thoupeace. 22 Concern over exports of electronic waste were raised in press reports in India,2324 Ghana,252627 Ivory Coast,28 and Nigeria. 29 This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or deal these issues on the talk summon. This section does not cite any references or sources. (April 2012) This section is written like a personal reflection or essay rather than an encyclopedic translation of the subject. (April 2012) What becomes challenging for the United States, then, is balancing recycling discourses when considering how to implement legislation measures as they manifest through divided interests. Those concerned solely about the environment would create discourse and those concerned about the economy would as well.It is not to say that these discourses dont necessarily agree about certain(p) initiatives both discoveries skill benefit from the same piece of legislation. That is, if the Environmental Commissioner in the United States put into action recycling legislation that was both su stainable and profitable, it could likely be a positive for both sides. However, because most environmental and economic advocates are privy to certain facts about the industry, they would most likely be unwilling to side with any legislation that could either be detrimental to a foreign environment, or overly beneficial to a foreign industry or economy.By exporting e-waste to other countries, some firms in the United States may be avoiding the costs of homeland environmental degradation on one hand, but on the other are missing out on recovering byproduct materials left after they are smelted. As a result, numerous perspectives articulate through both quantitative and qualitative analysis, not only exemplifying how the differences between these perspectives are articulated, but how electronic waste legislation seemingly takes both the environmental and the economic discourse into consideration, albeit with more onus on the latter. editE-waste management editRecycling reckoner mon itors are typically jammed into low stacks on wooden pallets forrecycling and then shrink-wrapped. 20 See also information processing system recycling Today the electronic waste recycling strain is in all areas of the developed world a large and rapidly consolidating business. Part of this evolution has involved greater diversion of electronic waste from energy-intensive downcycling processes (e. g. , conventional recycling), where equipment is reverted to a raw material form. This diversion is achieved through reuse and refurbishing.The environmental and social benefits of reuse include diminished demand for new products and virgin raw materials (with their own environmental issues) larger quantities of pure water and electricity for associated manufacturing less packaging per unit availability of technology to wider swaths of friendship due to greater affordability of products and diminished use of landfills. Audiovisual components, televisions, VCRs, stereo equipment, mobile phones, other handheld devices, and computer components contain valuable elements and substances suitable for reclamation, including lead, copper, and gold.One of the major challenges is recycling the printed circuit boards from the electronic wastes. The circuit boards contain such scarce metals as gold, silver, platinum, etc. and such base metals as copper, iron, aluminum, etc. effected method employed is mechanical shredding and separation but the recycling expertness is low. Alternative methods such as cryogenic decomposition have been examine for printed circuit board recycling,30 and some other methods are still downstairs investigation. editConsumer awareness effortsThe examples and perspective in this section may not range a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2011) ? In the US, the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) urges consumers to dispose by rights of end-of-life electronics through its recycling locator at www. GreenerGadgets. org. This list only includes maker and retailer programs that use the strictest standards and third-party certified recycling locations, to provide consumers assurance that their products will be recycled safely and responsibly.CEA research has found that 58 percent of consumers last where to take their end-of-life of electronics, and the electronics industry would very much like to see that direct of awareness increase. Consumer electronics manufacturers and retailers sponsor or operate more than 5,000 recycling locations across the nation and have vowed to recycle one billion pounds annually by 2016,31 a sharp increase from 300 million pounds industry recycled in 2010. ?AddressTheMess. com is a Comedy Central pro-social campaign that seeks to increase awareness of the dangers of electronic waste and to encourage recycling.Partners in the effort include Earth911. com, ECO multinational. com, and the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency . umpteen Comedy Central viewers are early adopters of new electronics, and produce a commensurate amount of waste that can be directed towards recycling efforts. The station is also taking steps to reduce its own environmental impact, in partnership with NativeEnergy. com, a company that specializes in renewable energy and carbon offsets. ?The Electronics Take acantha Coalition32 is a campaign aimed at protecting benevolent health and limiting environmental effects where electronics are being produced, used, and discarded.The ETBC aims to place responsibility for disposal of technology products on electronic manufacturers and brand owners, chiefly through community promotions and legal enforcement initiatives. It provides recommendations for consumer recycling and a list of recyclers judged environmen statelyy responsible. 33 ? The Certified Electronics Recycler program34 for electronic recyclers is a comprehensive, integrated management system standard that incorporates key ope rational and continual improvement elements for quality, environmental and health and safety (QEH) performance. The grassroots te Valley Toxics Coalition (svtc. org) focuses on promoting human health and addresses environmental justice problems resulting from toxins in technologies. ?Basel Action Network (BAN. org) is uniquely focus on addressing global environmental injustices and economic inefficiency of global toxic trade. It works for human rights and the environment by preventing disproportionate dumping on a large scale. It promotes sustainable solutions and attempts to ban waste trade. It requires companies to be either ISO 14001 or R2 certified. Texas Campaign for the Environment (texasenvironment. org) works to build grassroots wear for e-waste recycling and uses community organizing to pressure electronics manufacturers and elected officials to enact producer takeback recycling policies and commit to responsible recycling programs. ?The World Reuse, Repair, and Recyclin g Association (wr3a. org) is an government dedicated to improving the quality of exported electronics, encouraging better recycling standards in importing countries, and improving practices through Fair Trade principles. Take Back My TV35 is a project of The Electronics TakeBack Coalition and grades television manufacturers to find out which are responsible and which are not. editProcessing techniques Recycling the lead from batteries. In developed countries, electronic waste processing usually first involves dismantling the equipment into various parts (metal frames, power supplies, circuit boards, plastics), often by hand, but increasingly by automated shredding equipment. A typical example is the NADIN electronic waste processing plant in Novi Iskar, Bulgaria the largest facility of its kind in easterly Europe. 3637 The advantages of this process are the humans ability to recognize and save working and repairable parts, including chips, transistors, RAM, etc. The prejudice is that the labor is cheapest in countries with the lowest health and safety standards. In an alternative bulk system,38 a hopper conveys material for shredding into an unsophisticated mechanical separator, with screen and granulating machines to separate constituent metal and plastic fractions, which are change to smelters or plastics recyclers.Such recycling machinery is enclosed and employs a dust collection system. Some of the emissions are caught by scrubbers and screens. Magnets, eddy currents, and trommel screens are employed to separate glass, plastic, and ferrous and nonferrous metals, which can then be further separated at a smelter. guide glass from CRTs is reused in car batteries, ammunition, and lead wheel weights,20 or sold to foundries as a fluxing agent in processing raw lead ore. Copper, gold, palladium, silver and tin are valuable metals sold to smelters for recycling.Hazardous smoke and gases are captured, contained and treated to mitigate environmental threat. T hese methods allow for safe reclamation of all valuable computer construction materials. 15 Hewlett-Packard product recycling solutions manager Renee St. Denis describes its process as We move them through giant shredders about 30 feet tall and it shreds everything into pieces about the size of a quarter. Once your disk drive is shred into pieces about this big, its hard to get the data off. 39 An ideal electronic waste recycling plant combines dismantling for component recovery with increased cost-effective processing of bulk electronic waste. Reuse is an alternative selection to recycling because it extends the lifespan of a device. Devices still need eventual recycling, but by allowing others to purchase used electronics, recycling can be postponed and value gained from device use. editBenefits of recycling Recycling raw materials from end-of-life electronics is the most effective solution to the growing e-waste problem. Most electronic devices contain a ariety of materials, in cluding metals that can be recovered for future uses. By dismantling and providing reuse possibilities, intact earthy resources are conserved and air and water pollution caused by hazardous disposal is avoided. Additionally, recycling reduces the amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused by the manufacturing of new products. It simply makes good sense and is efficient to recycle and to do our part to keep the environment green. 40 editElectronic waste substances Several sizes of button and coin cell with 2 9v batteries as a size comparison.They are all recycled in many countries since they contain lead, mercury and cadmium. Some computer components can be reused in assembling new computer products, while others are lessen to metals that can be reused in applications as varied as construction, flatware, and jewelry. 39 Substances found in large quantities include epoxy resins, fiberglass, PCBs, PVC (polyvinyl chlorides), thermosetting plastics, lead, tin, copper, silicon,beryllium, carbon, iron and aluminium. Elements found in small amounts include cadmium, mercury, and thallium. 41 Elements found in surveil amounts include americium, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, boron, cobalt, europium, gallium, germanium, gold, indium,lithium, manganese, nickel, niobium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, selenium, silver, tantalum, terbium, thorium, titanium, vanadium, and yttrium. Almost all electronics contain lead and tin (as conjoin) and copper (as wire and printed circuit board tracks), though the use of lead-free solder is now spreading rapidly. The following are ordinary applications editHazardous Recyclers in the path in Sao Paulo, Brazil with old computers ?Americiumthe radioactive source in smoke alarms. It is known to be carcinogenic. ?Mercury found in light tubes (numerous applications), tilt switches (mechanical doorbells, thermostats),42 and flat screen monitors. Health effects include sensational impairment, dermatitis, memory loss, and mus cle weakness. Environmental effects in animals include death, trim down fertility, slower growth and development. ?Sulphur found in lead-acid batteries. Health effects include liver damage, kidney damage, heart damage, eye and throat irritation. When released in to the environment, it can create sulphuric acid. BFRs Used as flame retardants in plastics in most electronics. Includes PBBs, PBDE, DecaBDE, OctaBDE, PentaBDE. Health effects include impaired development of the awkward system, thyroid problems, liver problems. Environmental effects similar effects as in animals as humans. PBBs were banned from 1973 to 1977 on. PCBs were banned during the 1980s. ?Cadmium Found in light-sensitive resistors, corrosion-resistant alloys for marine and aviation environments, and nickel-cadmium batteries. The most common form of cadmium is found in Nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries.These batteries tend to contain between 6 and 18% cadmium. The sale of Nickel-Cadmium batteries has been banne d in the European Union omit for medical use. When not properly recycled it can leach into the soil, harming microorganisms and disrupting the soil ecosystem. word picture is caused by proximity to hazardous waste sites and factories and workers in the metal refine industry. The inhalation of cadmium can cause severe damage to the lungs and is also known to cause kidney damage. 43 ? Lead solder, CRT monitor glass, lead-acid batteries, some formulations of PVC. 44 A typical 15-inch cathode ray tube may contain 1. 5 pounds of lead,2 but other CRTs have been estimated as having up to 8 pounds of lead. 20 ? Beryllium oxide filler in some caloric interface materials such as thermic grease used on heatsinks for CPUs and power transistors,45 magnetrons, X-ray-transparent ceramic windows, heat transfer fins in vacuum tubes, and gas lasers. editGenerally non-hazardous An iMac G4 that has been repurposed into alamp (photographed next to a Mac unpolluted and a flip phone). ?Tin solder, c oatings on component leads. Copper copper wire, printed circuit board tracks, component leads. ?Aluminium nearly all electronic goods using more than a few watts of power (heatsinks), electrolytic capacitors. ? press out steel chassis, cases, and fixings. ?Germanium 1950s1960s transistorized electronics (bipolar junction transistors). ?Silicon glass, transistors, ICs, printed circuit boards. ?Nickel nickel-cadmium batteries. ?Lithium lithium-ion batteries. ?Zinc plating for steel parts. ? bills connector plating, primarily in computer equipment. editSee also Environment gateway Electronics portal ?2000s commodities boom Basel Action Network (BAN) ?Basel Convention ?China RoHS ?Computer Recycling ?Digger gold ?E-Cycling ?e-Stewards ?eDay ?Electronics ?Electronic waste in Japan ?Green computing ?iPhone recycling ?Material safety data tacking ?Polychlorinated biphenyls ?Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) ?Retail hazardous waste ?Retrocomputing ?sustainable Electroni cs Initiative (SEI) ?Waste ?Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive Organizations ?Empa ?International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement ? Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries (ISRI) ? closure the E-waste Problem World Reuse, Repair and Recycling Association editReferences 1. http//www. executiveblueprints. com/aboutweee/WEEECRTandMonitor. htm 2. a b Morgan, Russell (2006-08-21). Tips and Tricks for Recycling experient Computers. SmartBiz. Retrieved 2009-03-17. 3. Ghana e-Waste Country Assessmen. Ghana e-Waste Country Assessment. SBC e-Waste Africa Project. Retrieved 29 tremendous 2011. 4. a b Prashant, Nitya (2008-08-20). Cash For Laptops Offers Green Solution for Broken or Outdated Computers. Green Technology (Norwalk, Connecticut Technology Marketing Corporation). Retrieved 2009-03-17.In judgment. National Center For Electronics Recycling discussion Summary (National Center For Electronics Recycling). 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2009-03-17. 5. Statistics on the Management of Used and End-of-Life Electronics. US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2012-03-13. 6. Section, United Nations news show Service (2010-02-22). As e-waste mountains soar, UN urges smart technologies to protect health. United Nations-DPI/NMD UN News Service Section. Retrieved 2012-03-12. 7. a b Urgent need to prepare developing countries for surges in E-Waste. 8. Kozlan, Melanie (2010-11-02). What is E-Waste & How Can I Get Rid Of It? . Four Green Steps. 9. Poison PCs and toxic TVs. 10. Ingenthron, Robin (2011-03-31). Why We Should Ship Our Electronic waste to China and Africa. Motherboard. tv. 11. Where computers go to die and kill (4/10/2006) 12. a b Basel Action Network and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition (2002-02-25). Exporting scathe The advanced Trashing of Asia (PDF). Seattle and San Jose. 13. Chea, Terence (2007-11-18). America Ships Electronic Waste Overseas. Associated Press. 14. Slade, Giles (2006). Made To break apart Technology and Obsolescence in America.Harvard University Press. 15. a b c Carroll (January 2008). High-Tech Trash. National Geographic Magazine Online. 16. Product or Waste? Importation and End-of-Life Processing of Computers in Peru, Ramzy Kahhat and Eric Williams, Center for Earth Systems Engineering and Management, Arizona State University, published Environmental Science and Technology June 2009. 17. Activists Push for Safer E-Recycling. Retrieved 2006-11-13. 18. Computer age leftovers. Denver Post. Retrieved 2006-11-13. 19. Minter, Adam. Shanghai Scrap. Wasted 7/7. The Atlantic. Retrieved borderland 7, 2011. 20. a b c d Royte, Elizabeth (2005-08-01). E-gad Americans discard more than 100 million computers, cellphones and other electronic devices each year. As e-waste piles up, so does concern about this growing threat to the environment. . Smithsonian Magazine (Smithsonian Institution). Retrieved 2009-03-17. 21. Computer waste disposal in China (WMV). CBC News. 22. Il legal e-waste exposed. Greenpeace International. 23. E-Trash exertion Poses Hazards to Workers. 24. British send Corporation. BBC News. 2005-10-14. Retrieved 2010-01-03. 25. Electronic Waste in Ghana.YouTube. 26. Poisoning the poor Electronic Waste in Ghana. Greenpeace International. 27. British Broadcasting Corporation. BBC News. 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2010-01-03. 28. British Broadcasting Corporation. BBC News. 2006-11-27. Retrieved 2010-01-03. 29. British Broadcasting Corporation. BBC News. 2006-12-19. Retrieved 2010-01-03. 30. Yuan, C. , Zhang, H. C. , McKenna, G. , Korzeniewski, C. , and Li, J. Experimental Studies on Cryogenic Recycling of bring outed Circuit instrument panel, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 34, 2007, pp. 657666 31. http//ecyclingleadershipinitiative. com/index. html 32. http//www. electronicstakeback. com 33. How to Find a responsible Recycler. Electronics TakeBack Coalition. 34. http//www. certifiedelectronicsr ecycler. com 35. Take Back My TV. 36. 40 Million BGN Invested In Bulgarias initiatory Appliances Recycle Plant. Sofia News Agency. 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2011-03-28. 37. Bulgaria Opens Largest WEEE Recycling Factory in Eastern Europe. Ask-eu. com. 2010-07-12. Retrieved 2011-03-28. 38. http//simsrecycling. com/news-and-resources/audio-and-video 39. a b Haffenreffer, David (2003-02-13). Recycling, the Hewlett-Packard Way. Financial Times(CNN). Retrieved 2009-03-17. 40. Benefits of Recycling 41. chemical fact sheet Thallium. Spectrum Laboratories. Retrieved 2008-02-02. 42. Question 8. 43. . http//www. lenntech. com/periodic/elements/cd. htmixzz1MpuZHWfr. 44. CollectiveGood and Environmental Issues. 45. Becker, Greg Lee, Chris Lin, Zuchen (July 2005). Thermal conductivity in advanced chips Emerging generation of thermal greases offers advantages. Advanced Packaging 24. Retrieved 2008-03-04. editFurther reading ?Hicks, C Dietmara, R. , Eugsterb, M. (2005). The recycling and di sposal of electrical and electronic waste in Chinalegislative and market responses. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 25 (5) 459471. doi10. 1016/j. eiar. 2005. 04. 007. ISSN 01959255. ?Scrapping the sophisticated Myth Computer waste in India. India Toxics Link. February 2003. Retrieved 25 March 2011. ?Ogunseitan, O. A. , Schoenung, J. M. , Saphores, J-D. M. , and Shapiro, A. A. (2009). The Electronics vicissitude From E-Wonderland to E-Wasteland. . Science 326 670671. doi10. 1126/science. 1176929. editExternal links Wikimedia commonalty has media related to Electronic waste RECYCLING FROM E-WASTE TO RESOURCES (UN Environmental Program, 2009, 120 pages) ? EMPA E-waste Guide ?World Reuse, Repair and Recycling Association ?Carroll, Chris (January 2008). High-Tech Trash. National Geographic Society. ?Disposal of Old Computer Equipment ?WEEE Forum show ?V ?T ?E Waste and waste management show ?V ?T ?E Recycling View page ratings Rate this page Whats this? Trustworthy Objective C omplete Well-written I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional) Submit ratings Categories Electronic waste Create account Log in Article Talk record Edit View history Main page Contents feature content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Interaction suffice About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Toolbox Print/export Languages Catala Cesky Dansk Deutsch Espanol Euskara Francais Italiano Nederlands Portugues Slovenscina Svenska Turkce This page was last modified on 23 August 2012 at 2031. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details.Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Mobile view E-waste is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their useful life. Computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, and fax machines are common electronic products. Many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled. Unfortunately, electronic discards is one of the fastest growing segments of our nations waste stream. With the passage of the Electronic Waste Recycling Act of 2003 , certain po