Pleurotus spp

The fungus kingdom atomic number 18 a group of eukaryotic organisms. Due to their microscopic cellular dimensions, they argon of neat interest to microbiologists. Multicellular fungi is familiar to each and ein truth mavin of us. The velvety blue and green fatherth on rotting oranges and lemons as well as on stale cheeses, the whitish grey wiry-coated out evolution on bread and Jam, and the plucks in the field. These argon the bodies of a revolution of fungi. Fungi be heterotrophic organismsThey need organic compounds for nutrition.The sectionalisationification of fungi, impertinent that of bacteria, is based primarily on the hracterstics of the intimate spores and fruiting bodies, present during the sexual stages of their life cycle. However, the sexual spores and fruiting bodies ar produced only under true environmental conditions, if they ar cognize to produce them at all. genus genus genus Pleurotus is a genus of gilled picks which includes one of the around cap aciously eaten mush elbow rooms. Species of genus Pleurotus may be called oyesters, abalone or tree mushrooms and atomic number 18 some of the virtually normally cultivated edible mushrooms in the world.They necessitate been very much sumual in mycoremediation of pollutants such as petroleum and polycyclic aromatic ydrocarbons. The refer pleurotus has been derived from the greek word pleure (side) + otos (ear) which means Side Ear. The fol broken ining are the details of Pleurotus Genus scientific classification l. The kingdom of pleurotus is Fungi, II. Phylum is basidiomycota, Ill. class is Agaricomycetes V. Order is agaricales V. Family is pleurotaceae The basic structure of oyster mushroom includes a capwhich may be laterally attached (with no stem).If in that location is a stem, it is normally eccentric and the gills are extended downward along it. The edge pleurotoid is used for mushrooms having this eneral shape. There are certain cylindrical spores which are liqu ified and elongated. Where hyphae meet, they are Joined by clamp connections. Pleurotus is non considered to be a bracket fungus and most of the species are monomitic (with a soft consistency). Pleurotus Ostreatus Specifications Scientific name Pleurotus ostreatus Oacq. ) P. Kumm. Derivation of name Ostre- means oyster and atus means resembling. Synonyms Agaricus ostreatus Jacq.Common name(s) Oyster mushroom. Phylum Basidiomycota Order Agaricales Family Pleurotaceae detail on wood substrate Saprobic or parasitic olitary to much typically in everyplacelapping clusters on living or at rest(predicate) deciduous trees, on rotting logs and stumps, some eras on conifers April all the behavior through November, year-round during mild periods. Dimensions Caps 5-20 or more(prenominal) cm wide stipes 0. 5-4 cm long and 0. 5- 3. 5 cm thick. Stripes may be absent. Cap Moist or dry smooth variable in color whitish to cream, greyish to brown, some with lilac tones oyster shell- molded to fan-shaped or semicircular.Gills Decurrent or glowing from point of attachment broad whitish, xanthous in age. Spore print White to pale lilac-gray. Stipe Sometimes absent or rudimentary. If present, lateral to eccentric or even central if fruitbodies are on top of a log or stump whitish hairy at base. Veil Absent. Edibility Edible, rated as choice. The oyster and abalone mushrooms expire to the genus pleurotus. They lay down a high(prenominal) saprophyte colonizing ability and back end release on virtually any agricultural waste. They rank among the top sextet mushrooms produced in the world.It should be noted that the availability of a good get through of mushrooms, suitable substrate for refinement and control of saprophytic and parasitic microorganisms are the three most important spects for mushroom cultivation. The world fruit for this genus was 169,000 stacks in 1986. The consumption and employment of edible mushrooms in developing countries piss occurred for n umerous years. There has been a high upsurge of interest in cultivation of this mushroom in the last decade. Because of their spicy flavour and their medical checkup proceedings in dropping plasma cholesterol, mushrooms are wide consumed in Europe, the U.S. A and Japan. Many of the fleshy sporocarp species of the many acomycetes and basidiomycetes can safely be eaten while only a few unwholesome species of the fleshy fungi can be found . However more than one thousand mushrooms are known, about one hundred mushrooms are edible and only a few are considered of a commercial-gradeized value. Pleurotus ostreatus is recountingly easy to grow. A few trials to produce the mycelium of oyster mushrooms in Egypt using some agro industrial wastes were only recently carried out. The inclination of this work was to study the cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp. emphasizing the effect of different media and organic substrates on production. Mushrooms of Pleurotus spp. are common ly known as oyster mushrooms which occupy the reciprocal ohm osition among cultivated edible mushrooms ecumenical repayable to their nutritionary values. They are widely cultivated all all over the world. Its production is remarkably affected by the environmental conditions uniform temperature and recounting humidity. In this study, we investigated the production of four species of oyster mushroom 1 . ) Pleurotus ostreatus 2. ) P. florida 3. ) P. aJor-caJu and 4. ) p. High king Cultivated in every season( January to December) in Bangladesh. The temperature (in C) and relative humidity (%RH) ot culture house in each month, and parameters ot ushroom production were recorded. In all of the selective study of this species, the minimum twenty-four hourss required for native initiation, and the utmost number of fruiting bodies, biological payoff and biological expertness were found during December to February (14-27 oc, 70-80% RH). The production was found minimum during the c ultivated time August to October.We suggested cultivation of selected Pleurotus spp. in winter (temperature zone 14-27 oc with relative humidity for better production and biological efficiency. The environmental factor is very important for the production of oyster mushrooms. Various mushrooms are known to be very sensitive to the climatic conditions. The major environmental factors like temperature, humidity, blank air and compact materials affect in mushroom production. Pleurotus spp. grows in wide range of temperature (15-30 oc) which too varies from species to species.Oyster mushrooms Pleurotus spp. draw their nutritional need from a host substrate or from the agricultural wastes rich in lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses used for their cultivation. Due to varying nutrients in the substrates, different mushroom upshots have been recorded by various workers. Oyster mushrooms are grown from mycelium (threadlike filaments that have interwoven) propagated on a base of steam- sterilized cereal grain (usually rye or millet). This cereal grain/mycelium mixture is called breed and is used to source mush-room substrate.Most make is made with mycelium from a stored culture, rather than mycelium whose parent was a spore. This is because spores are probably to wear a new strain and performance would be unpredictable. Spawn-making is a rather complex task and not feasible for the ordinary mushroom grower. Spawn of various oyster mushroom species may be urchased from com-mercial make makers who usually provide instructions for its use. Spawn frequently is shipped from the manufacturer to growers in the same aseptic containers used for spawn production.Inoculum for spawn production is frequently produced in polyethylene bags containing a micro porous breather peeler for gas exchange. Most commercial spawn production companies produce spawn only from inoculums that has met strict quality control standards. These standards include verification of inoculums p roduction performance before it is used to produce spawn and assurance of the spawns biological purity and vigour So ariable in size, shape and colour are the many kinds of oyster mushroom that confident recognition of some species is silky without resorting to microscopic analysis.The process is not helped by the fruiting habit of many Pleurotusspecies that seem to delight in emerging beyond reach, sometimes high up in the crowns of trees. For the most part the various oyster mushrooms are saprophytic on deciduous trees, and only very rarely are they found on conifers. Distri scarceion Pleurotus ostreatus, the Oyster Mushroom, occurs throughout Britain and Ireland as well as in most parts of mainland Europe. It is also widely distributed throughout much of Asia, including Japan, and is present in parts of North America.Several kindred species within the Pleurotus genus are often confused, and so distribution entropy for individual species in this complex group are inevitably mi litary issue to some uncertainty. Taxonomic history The Oyster Mushroom was first set forth scientifically in 1775 by Dutch naturalist Nikolaus Joseph Freinerr von Jacquin 7) and named Agaricus ostreatus. (In the beforehand(predicate) days of fungus taxonomy most of the gilled mushrooms were incorporated in the genus Agaricus. ) In 1871 German mycologist Paul Kummer transferred theOyster Mushroom to the genus Pleurotus (a new genus that Kummer himself had defined in 1971), grown it its currently accepted scientific name. Synonyms of Pleurotus ostreatus includeAgaricus ostreatus Jacq. , Crepidopus ostreatusoacq. ) Gray, and Pleurotus columbinus Quel. The blue-grey-capped form of this mushroom is referred to by some authorities as Pleurotus ostreatus var. columbinus (Quel) Quel. Etymology The generic name Pleurotus is Latin for side ear and refers to the lateral attachment of the stemostreatus is a reference to oysters, and in shape the fruitbodies often do esemble oyster shells.Th e specimens shown on this page show Just how changeable Oyster Mushrooms can be not only in colour and form but also in their growing habitat. From the top on a short beech trunk next on a standing live (but sure enough dying) Cabbage Palm and at last on a dead branch broken fallen from an old Ash tree. Importance of normality sources for the growth of pleurotus spp. - i) Nitrogen is an essential element for cellular functions, for growth and various metabolic activities, particularly protein and enzyme synthesis. i) The nitrogen heart and soul of mycelium ranges between 3-6%. i) cereal stubble used for cultivation of oyster mushroom is a poor source of nitrogen (0. 5 to 0. 8%) and at the time of fructification when most of the nitrogen is utilized for mycelia growth, the depleted nitrogen in the substrate becomes unequal to(predicate) and limits mushroom yield. v) In the present studies seven dissimilar nitrogen sources shuck bran, rice bran, soya bean floor, de-oiled so ya bean repast, mustard barroom, like disgorge streak and cotton root repast were evaluated for their effect on mushroom yield. v) Cotton cum cake and de-oiled soya bean meal gave significantly higher yield than un paraphernaliaed bags.Review of literature The oyster mushroom Pleurotus spp is a saprophytic fungus commercially cultivated throughout the world because of its flavoursome basidiocarp and simple cultivation technology. It is also one of the choicest white rot fungi for research scientists to investigate. Pleurotus spps lignocellulolytic enzymes for bioremediation (Arisoy and Kalan Kayan 1997, Walter et. al. 1997), its flavour compounds, (Mau et. al. 1998), its synthesis of diterpene and polysaccharide (Gutirrez et. al. 1996) and its natural pigment unnecessaryction (Shirata and Kato 1998) make it a promising subject for study.Oyster mushrooms are in general cultivated on residues from agricultural crops such as wheat, paddy, cotton, sugar trounce or soja ( Sohi and Upadhyay 1989, Savalgi and Savalgi 1994). Pleurotus spp also have the potential to mineralize and grow on industrial wastes such as tea (Upadhyay et. al. 1996), apple pomace (Upadhyay and Sohi 1988) or non-conventional substrates containing lignin, cellulose or hemicellulose such as dried Populus leaves. (Upadhyay and Verma 2000). These residues are low (0. 5 to 0. 8%) in nitrogen subject area. Several workers have inform varying bracing oyster mushroom yields using crop residues (Sohi and Upadhyay 1987,Madan et. al. 1987). The variations may be due to the nutrient status of the substrate used for cultivation. The production of oyster mushrooms after the first blowup is drastically reduced and there is a tlusn break ot 10 to 20 days depending upon the species of oyster mushroom. The yield turn down could be due to either depletion of nutrients or hookup of toxic substances unfavourable to fruiting. In Agaricus bisporus, gaind yields have been describe by supplementin g with various proteins, carbohydrate or oil rich supplements like soy sauce meal, cotton seed meal, alfalfa meal or gamboge gluten meal.Sinder and Schisler 1962, Gerrits 1983). In the present studies seven different organic nitrogenous materials were evaluated to scrape out their effect on yield. The best substrates were come on evaluated for their optimal back breaker with maximum yield. Materials and Methods Prewetted chopped wheat stubble (2-3cm) was mixed with calcium sulphate (4% w/w) and carbendazim 50% w. p. (1 5g/quintal) and a rectangular pile prepared. It was flip overn deuce turnings on alternate days for four days so that the temperature did not exceed more than 600C during fermentation.After four days, the partially fermented traw was pasteurized in a tunnel at 700C for 6h and subsequently conditioned at 450C for 36h. Supplements (wheat bran, rice bran, cotton seed meal, cotton seed cake, soja bean meal, de-oiled soya bean cake and mustard cake) were separate ly treated in a answer of carbendazim (100ppm) for 16h. The rate of adding up of all the supplements was 5% (dry wt. ) except wheat and rice bran (10%). Treated supplements were exhaustively mixed at the time of spawning with pasteurized drinking wheat berry. Twenty-day-old spawn of P. ostratuas var florida was added at a 3% wet wt.Five kg spawned substrate was filled into 45x30cm polyethelene bags with 10 holes (5mm ia. ). Each supplement had six replications. Spawned bags were incubated in a dark cropping room (temp. 13-18C). Colonized bags were opened after 25 days. A relative humidity of 70-75% was maintained by spraying water twice a day 6-8h light was provided with fluorescent tubes and carbon dioxide concentration was maintained at 700-780 ppm in the cropping room. Mushrooms were harvested daily before spraying and data were recorded. Biological efficiency (BE) was plan on the basis of fresh mushrooms from 100 kg dry substrate weight.In the second experiment, cotton seed cake and de-oiled soybean cake were further evaluated r their effective optimum dose. The supplements were treated as before, at a rate of 1, 2. 5, 5, 7. 5 and 10% substrate dry weight. Table 1. outcome of organic supplements to wheat still hunt on fresh mushroom yield of Pleurotus ostreatus var florida in 60 days. S. No. Substrate + Supplements bonnie Yield (kg) per kg substrate Biological efficiency (BE) (%) Percent adjoin (+) or decrease (-) from control Wheat straw + wheat bran (10%) 0. 860 86. 0 +20. 6 Wheat straw + rice bran (10%) 0. 838 83. 8 +17. 5 3.Wheat straw + cotton seed cake (5%) 0. 946 94. 6 -12. 2 4. Wheat straw + cotton seed meal (5%) 0. 46 64. 6 5. Wheat straw + soybean meal (5%) 0. 732 73. 2 2. 6 6. Wheat straw + de-oiled soybean cake (5%) 0. 928 92. 8 +30. 1 7. Wheat straw + mustard cake (5%) 0. 532 53. 2 -25. 3 8. Wheat straw (control) 0. 713 71 . 3 CD at 0. 21 1 Table 2. Effect of different doses of de-oiled soybean cake on fresh mushroom yield and dry loo k of Pleurotus ostreatus var florida. S. NO. Rate of supplement (Dry wt. ) % increase over control % dry issue content in 1st and second tlusnes Wheat straw 1% soybean 92. +21 9. 85 10. 04 2. 2. 5% soybean 84. 8 +11. 57 9. 45 10. 0 5% soybean 84. 5 +11. 18 10. 29 10. 25 7. % soybean 87. 8 +1 5. 52 8. 8 9. 75 10. 0% soybean 83. 2 +8. 15 9. 3 10. 55 76. 0 6. 9 The dry discipline content of mushrooms harvested from both the supplements at different doses are shown in Table 2 and Table 3. Soybean supplementation generally yielded heavier mushrooms in the first flush than cotton seed cake supplementation. Maximum dry matter content was recorded from bags supplemented with 5% de-oiled soybean cake and further increase in supplementation did not yield heavier mushrooms.In cotton seed cake, the heaviest mushroom truit bodies were notice with 0% dose in the first tlusn, while in the econd flush, the last rate of application gave the heaviest mushrooms. The dry matter content in the secon d flush was generally more than the first flush for both the supplements. interestingly the spore print colour of the mushrooms from 10% soybean was a creamy yellow. The nutritional analysis of mushrooms attain from different supplements is under investigation. The accompaniment of cotton seed cake gave the maximum yield increase (+47. 7%) while soybean cake gave heavier mushroom fruit bodies than cotton seed cake.The use of supplementation change magnitude the substrate temperature (Figurel and Figure 2) from the fourth day onwards to the ixteenth day. Bags with de-oiled soybean cakes showed a ascending in temperature from 3 to 90C over room temperature and 3 to 50C over unsupplemented bag temperature. Cotton seed cake sum showed less(prenominal) temperature rise compared with similar doses of soybean cake. The utmost rise in temperature was between the fourth day and the ninth day. Table-3 Effect of different doses of cotton seed cake on fresh mushroom yield and dry matter of Pleurotus ostreatus var florida.Substrate used Biological Efficiency (%) % Dry matter content in 1st and 2nd flush Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 1% 90. 4 +18. 94 7. 3 10. 5 Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 2. 5% 100. 3 +31 . 97 8. 1 9. 82 Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 5. 0% 112. 0 +47. 36 7. 8 9. 49 Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 7. 5% 105. 3 8. 0 Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 10% 112. 3 +47. 7 9. 01 9. 0 9. 28 CDat5% DISCUSSION Although commercial cultivation of oyster mushroom Pleurotus spp started very late compared to Agericus bisporus (1650 A. D. ), Lentinula edodes (1100 A. D. and genus Auricularia spp (600 A. D. ), it occupies the third place in the world among the cultivated mushrooms. Successful cultivation of oyster mushroom using cereal straw was reported in 1962 by Bano and Srivastava from India. Still, it is not widely cultivated due to inconsistent yields. The fresh mushroom yield or biological efficiency of a species is outright related to strain, substrate nutritio n and growth conditions. Sustainable oyster mushroom production can be achieved by employing cultural practices which optimize and commingle nutrient management.Agricultural residues used for oyster mushroom farming provide most of the nutrients and vitamins for growth. Carbon is readily available from cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin from straw, but nitrogen occurs mostly in a bound form and is not available until it is enzymatically released. Various workers have also reported that Pleurotus spp have the capability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (Rangaswamy et. al. 1975, Jandaik and Rangad 1977) but this has not been proved conclusively. In the cultivation of A. isporus the addition of protein rich supplements is a common practice, which indicates that either the compost is deficient in nitrogen or the bacterial proteins present in the compost are inadequate.Rinker (1989) found 37 and 42. 6% more total yield in P. ostreatus from supplementation with barley straw with brewers gra in and 17, 27, 65 and 118% more yield by addition of alfalfa hay at 5, 10, 20 and 40% (dry wt. basis). He also found that supplementation prior to pasteurization increase the total yield, but mushroom size was negatively affected with increased supplementation. In our studies we have not found any significant effect on mushroom size. Influence of supplementation is also species and strain-specific.Somycel 3200 reacted poorly to alfalfa meal and negatively to chicken manure, and Somycel 3001 reacted positively to rice bran and alfalfa meal at the time of filling (Visscher 1989). Upadhyay and Vijay (1989) also observed cotton seed meal as better supplement for P. fossulatus and rice bran for P. ostreatus. Supplementation is dead necessary for getting fructification is some strains of P. eryngii (Royse 1999, Upadhyay and Vijay 1991). With supplementation came a rise in substrate temperature, possibly due to faster metabolic activities riggered by extra nitrogen.Royse and Schisler (198 6) also observed overheating (from 300C to 470C) in bags where Spawnmate was applied without benomyl treatment, and proposed that it could be due to the growth of competitor moulds. GurJar and Doshi (1995) did not find any effect on yield of P. cornucopiae with 5 and 7. 5% addition of soybean meal in wheat straw and assumed this could be due to a rise in temperature. We identified increases in the temperature of beds from 5 to 90C over room temperature. Therefore, supplements should be cautiously used, because excessive bed temperature (more than 350C) may kill the mycelium.OverstiJns (1995) observed an increase of 19% in mushrooms with the addition of only 0. 5% corn occupy liquor and recorded a rise in temperature from 0. 3, 1. 4 and 2. 30C with the addition of only 0. 5, 1 and 2% corn steep liquor. Higher supplement doses gave even higher temperatures, which were harmful and attracted growth of Coprinus sp (Guna segaran and Graham 1987). In A. bisporus, the addition of formaldeh yde-pretreated 1 and 2% cotton seed meal and soybean meal at the time of casing produced 20 and 30% higher yields respectively, but higher doses of supplement attracted a lot of contamination (Gupta and Vijay 1992).Supplementation has also been found to facilitate higher mushroom yield in former(a) mushrooms such as Agrocybe aegerita and L. edodes (Zadrazil 1994, Jong 1989). Higher supplementation (3 to 4% w/w) of NPK in rice husk, melon husk and coconut fruit fibers did not give either mycelium growth or basidiocarp from the tubers of P. tuberregium (Isikhuemhen and Okhuoya 1998). Supplementation with de-oiled soybean and cotton seed cake not only gave higher biological efficiency but the fruit bodies were significantly heavier than in unsupplemented bags.