Individual Assignment Owners

When the organization issues the inventory to its traders, it gets certain financial commitment as their uncial commitment, and this is known as the paid-in-capital. This type of economic commitment is not produced from the functions of the organization but it is the unwanted over the par equity of the inventory which the traders are willing to pay for the inventory they get from the company. Thus it is the amount compensated in on the financial commitment inventory by the inventory owners to the organization.It therefore symbolizes the Investors investment strategies, while the gained financial commitment Is the financial commitment which Is gathered from the earnings of the organization. Hence It Is very essential for the organization to divided these two types of economic commitment to ensure the traders about the functions of the organization and Its success. It is the undistributed earnings which continues to be with the company (Skies, Wastage, & Warfield, 2007).Paid-in or Earn ed Capital An investors decision to spend money on any company/firm relies on the ability of the company to produce ongoing earnings circulation and success, the policy about the results and the growth plans of the company. The gained financial commitment is produced from the functions of the organization and it is used to pay up the benefits with regards to both cash and inventory. It also shows the success of the organization gaining further financial commitment on the part of the traders.While the paid-in financial commitment Is only the unwanted over the par equity which continues to be set not causing the benefits due to the traders. Hence the gained financial commitment Is more essential to the trader than the paid-in-capital (Scott, 2003). Basic or Watered down Income per Share Earnings per discuss of the typical inventory are known as Primary earnings. They are owners by heavy average variety of stocks which are excellent at enough time (Skies, Wastage, & Warfield, 2007).Dil uted earnings per discuss are reports displaying the variety of stocks staying the discuss, should get, recommended inventory and sports convertible ties are worked out. The diluted earnings per discuss take the standard earnings higher by one step. The variety of stocks could improve at any example cause of the convertibility of some or all the investment strategies, decreasing the business's earnings which the individual discuss is eligible. This increases the rate between the cost and the earnings making the inventory appear more expensive.It is a typical practice that the organizations problem sports convertible recommended stocks, sports convertible ties or should get and the owners of these equipment enjoy the right of convertibility of their recommended inventory or ties into stocks of the typical inventory at a set cost and they can purchase the inventory at a mentioned cost. The diluted PEPS are gained by the benefiting organizations only while the organizations which have failures, review only basic PEPS, as the dilutes investment strategies would only review an improve on the gloomy that is the net failures revealed would improve.The equity of diluted PEPS is always reduced than basic equity and is more appropriate in financial commitment choices, since it indicates somewhat of a worst-case situation. An trader would certainly choose the diluted earnings to the standard earnings, as the former symbolizes the performance assortment, which is used for the statistic of the quality of the business's earnings per discuss (PEPS).

Film Analysis: “Braveheart”

Over the past decade, Hollywood has begun to turn to history as the source of inspiration for some of its award-winning movies. Most, if not all, of these films would be promoted by the producers, directors and even actors of the film as those that are as close to historical accounts and documentations about these events and individuals. Although this may be the case, a portion of the scenes shown in movies based on events and prominent individuals in history have been included in order to add to the drama and action to the film even if the scene does not have any historical documentation to support the scene to be included.In some cases, certain parts of an otherwise historical event may also be changed in order to make it more striking and memorable to the audience. The paper will provide an analysis on the accuracy of the events presented in the Academy Award-winning movie â€Å"Braveheart† starring Mel Gibson. The paper would provide a summary of important key points prese nted in the movie. Specifically, the paper would look into the accuracy of the battles portrayed in the movie to research conducted by historians with regards to Sir William Wallace, the hero depicted in this epic movie.The paper would also look into the viability of the romantic affair between Sir William Wallace and the Princess of France and the surrounding circumstances as depicted in the movie. Summary of â€Å"Braveheart† In order to analyze the accuracy of the situations and events of the movie â€Å"Braveheart†, a summary of the movie must first be provided. The film begins in Scotland in the year 1280 AD. The death of the king of Scotland left the country without a ruler of its own as the king did not have a son to leave the kingdom to.As a result, the rulers from neighboring countries began to compete with each other for the crown and ownership of the kingdom of Scotland. The most formidable of these competitors was Edward the Longshanks, king of England. His claim over Scotland was met with hostility from the commoners of the land. In order to extinguish any retaliation on the part of the common people of Scotland, Edward the Longshanks arranged a meeting whereby each leader of the different shires of Scotland were invited to attend, allowing them to bring along only one page as their companion.Among those who have been invited was a commoner named Malcolm Wallace who decided to take his eldest son, John, with him to the meeting. They were delayed to arrive to the meeting as Malcolm had to convince his youngest son, William, that he was still too young to go to the journey with them. Upon their arrival, Malcolm Wallace had realized that his son’s persistence had saved him from walking into a trap that had been orchestrated by Edward the Longshanks. All the attendees in the supposed meetings were hung inside the cottage where the meeting was supposed to have taken place, including the women and children.William, who had tried to follow his father and brother to the meeting, saw the brutality of the scenario – a vision that had left a lasting mark to the young boy (â€Å"Braveheart†). The brutality of the scene prompted Malcolm Wallace to stir some of the leaders in the shire to attempt a violent response for what Edward the Longshanks had committed to their fellow men. Unfortunately, the effort was a failed attempt, and Malcolm and his son were killed in the battle. On the day that his father and brother were buried, his uncle, Argyle, took him into his care (â€Å"Braveheart†).The film then fast forwards to a few years later. Edward the Longshanks, in his quest to rule over all of Europe, formed an allegiance with his rival, the King of France, through the marriage of the latter’s daughter to Edward the Longshank’s son and heir to the throne. Meanwhile, in Edinburgh, the Scottish nobles had formed a council. Included in the council was the 17th Earl of Bruce named Robert, who has been considered to be the leading contender to the crown of Scotland. Among the topics that begun to concern the council was the issuance of the decree of prima nocte by Edward the Longshanks.This gave nobles who have sworn their allegiance to the King of England the privilege to sleep with any newly married common woman on the first night as a married woman. This was done in an effort to encourage more Scottish nobles to swear allegiance to the King of England which then would lead to the surety of Edward the Longshank’s hold over Scotland (â€Å"Braveheart†). It was around this time that William Wallace, now an adult, returns to the shire that he had left when he was a young orphan.He reunites himself with Hamish, his childhood friend and the young woman named Murron who, during his father and brother’s burial, offered him a flower as a sign of sympathy. Because of the prima nocte decree, William and Murron married in secret and thus allowing William the privilege that most other men in the shire had been deprived of (â€Å"Braveheart†). The turning point for the pace of the movie and the life of William Wallace occurred just a few days after his secret marriage.A soldier of the English crown attempted to force himself on the young woman, but she had fought and, through the help of William, freed herself but only for a while. She was eventually caught by the soldiers and was executed in front of the entire town as an example on what would happen to them should they try to oppose any representative of the king of England, be it a soldier or a noble since according to the nobleman, an opposition to any individual representing the king of England is an opposition to the King himself (â€Å"Braveheart†).The death of Murron and the reasoning of the noble had caused William Wallace to begin a revolution beginning in his own town. His passion and determination to rid the country of the English had made a lot of Scottish c ommoners take up arms and join him in his cause. Town after town, he and his band of men which eventually led to the joining of the forces of the Scots and the Irish, had made the townspeople consider him as a legend and tales began to spread about him (â€Å"Braveheart†).News had reached the King of England and sent his daughter-in-law, the Princess of France, as an ambassador to negotiate some form of truce and ceasefire with William Wallace, who by now had been knighted by the Council of Scots, headed by Robert the Bruce. Wallace declined the offer of Edward the Longshanks by relaying to the future queen the haunting scene that he had stumbled on when he was a boy and when the King of England first offered a truce to the people of Scotland.Not only did the Princess of France become amazed by the intelligence that Wallace had exhibited, but she also began to grow fond of him in a romantic way (â€Å"Braveheart†). When she returned to London and delivered the message of William Wallace to the king, he decided to go into war with Wallace again. This time, he was to have a larger army by tapping into the allegiances that he had formed through the years. When news of this reached William Wallace through the help of the Princess of France, Wallace went to the Council of Scots to ask them to join their cause.Initially, Robert the Bruce gave Wallace his word and so did the other members of the council. However, on the day of the battle, Wallace first experienced betrayal when he saw two of the council men that showed up with their respective armies had turned around after being bribed by the King of England, and then later when he discovered that Robert the Bruce himself was fighting alongside the King of England as well (â€Å"Braveheart†). Upon seeing the effects of his betrayal to Wallace, Robert the Bruce was overcome with guilt and as a means to try to amend for his betrayal, helped Wallace escape the battlefield.This allowed Wallace to ta ke revenge on the two noblemen who have betrayed him in the battlefield (â€Å"Braveheart†). With news of Wallace’s escape reaching the King of England, another attempt was made on his life. This plot was overheard by the Princess of France, who again warned Wallace of the assassination attempt. Unfortunately, the third time, Wallace was finally apprehended. Robert the Bruce sent word to William Wallace that he would like to talk and make amends for his previous betrayal.Still trusting the Bruce, and realizing the need for a larger army to continue the cause, Wallace went to the residence of the Bruce alone and unarmed. Unknown to both Robert the Bruce and William Wallace, the other members of the Council, through the guidance of Robert the Bruce’s father, made arrangements to hand William Wallace over to the King of England (â€Å"Braveheart†). William Wallace was tried for high treason against the King of England and was sentenced to be executed the fol lowing day. Knowing about this, the Princess of France begged for the life of William Wallace to the King of England as he lies on his deathbed.When the king refused to grant the request of the princess, she then made it known to the dying king that she was pregnant with the child of William Wallace, his mortal adversary (â€Å"Braveheart†). Wallace suffered a horrendous and slow death through a process called hung, drawn and quartered. With his last breath, he shouted with all his might the word â€Å"Freedom†, a cry that stirred the hearts of his comrades who witnessed his execution in the crowd. After he was beheaded, the body of William Wallace was cut into pieces and placed in different locations to serve as a warning to anyone who tries to go against the King of England.His head was situated on London Bridge, while his arms and legs were sent to the four corners of England. The movie ends with the narration on how instead of deterring any form of resistance towar ds the crown of England, the opposite had actually happened. In the year 1314, despite the Scottish army headed by Robert the Bruce were lacking in resources and heavily outnumbered, had won the freedom of their land from English rule in the battle that occurred on the field of Bannockburn (â€Å"Braveheart†). Analysis of the Accuracy of â€Å"Braveheart†

Barn Burning

William Faulkner's Barn Burning through Children's Eye William Faulkner's Barn Burning , Faulkner chose to speak through a little boy, Satoris Snoops his story By choosing Sartoris's perspective, Faulker is Abner's behavior So that people influenced can take action. It is not uncommon to tell a story from a child's point of view, but it does not seem to be a child's story on the surface. Faulkner 's barn baked and turned off Naritane burning and unprocessed narrator presents a totally different storytelling approach. In Barn Burning, Faulkner used a third party in a limited omniscised way that allowed him to enter the story of the main character Sartoris Snowpice. From this point of view, the narrator decided what the story had happened in the past and he commented: Later, 20 years later, he also tells himself. Burning in Mississippi's virtual Yoknapatawpha County Occurred. This is a story that happened in the 1930s when there were social and economic problems during the Great Depres sion. Burnburning is a story about social inequality, especially the rich land of Spanish houses, in stark contrast to the Sartoris family farming law. Abner is the father of this family. He is indifferent to him. His family kept moving around for this reason. William Faulkner's Barn Burnout happened. Burning Abner's barn plays a vital role in finding potential information and topics. Family obligations This setting plays an important role in determining the context of events occurring in every document. Barn grill in 1930, short story by William Faulkner barn grill explains the typical relationship between rich and poor during the Civil War. The main character Abner Snopes earns a living for his family. He looked down on the rich. Because of the resentment to the rich, he went to burn out their warehouse to retaliate. The role of Abner in the story is the same. Because he is ruthless, lawless, violent. Barn Burning William Faulkner is concerned about the southern part and its black slavery. The barn grilling problem involves conflict between the father and the child. The theme of this story is focusing on justice. That boy, Satie objected to his father's burning the barn and hoped that people would be treated fairly. His father, Abner, believes his son should respect and support his relatives. Abner thinks family is anyway correct. Faulkner's intention is to show that it is very difficult to choose between his family and justice. Faulkner 's barn baked and turned off Naritane burning and unprocessed narrator presents a totally different storytelling approach. In Barn Burning, Faulkner used a third party in a limited omniscised way that allowed him to enter the story of the main character Sartoris Snowpice. From this point of view, the narrator decided what the story had happened in the past and he commented: Later, 20 years later, he also tells himself. Burning in Mississippi's virtual Yoknapat awpha County Occurred. This is a story that happened in the 1930s when there were social and economic problems during the Great Depression. Burnburning is a story about social inequality, especially the rich land of Spanish houses, in stark contrast to the Sartoris family farming law. Abner is the father of this family. He is indifferent to him. His family kept moving around for this reason. William Faulkner's Barn Burnout happened. Burning Abner's barn plays a vital role in finding potential information and topics. Family obligations This setting plays an important role in determining the context of events occurring in every document. Barn grill in 1930, short story by William Faulkner barn grill explains the typical relationship between rich and poor during the Civil War. The main character Abner Snopes earns a living for his family. He looked down on the rich. Because of the resentment to the rich, he went to burn out their warehouse to retaliate. The role of Abner in the story i s the same. Because he is ruthless, lawless, violent. Barn Burning In Barn Burning by William Faulkner, Sarty Snopes is a young, poor boy caught in an ethical dilemma. He made enormous efforts to maintain loyalty to his family and his loyalty to himself. Sarty's ideal image of his father and his loyalty to his own bloodline limited Sarty (at the beginning of the story) and sent his father to the authorities for crime. However, his strong moral guidance consciously influenced his ideas through the story, and forced him to do the right thing at last. Faulkner 's barn baked and turned off Naritane burning and unprocessed narrator presents a totally different storytelling approach. In Barn Burning, Faulkner used a third party in a limited omniscised way that allowed him to enter the story of the main character Sartoris Snowpice. From this point of view, the narrator decided what the story had happened in the past and he commented: Later, 20 years later, he also tells himself. Burning in Mississippi's virtual Yoknapatawpha County Occurred. This is a stor y that happened in the 1930s when there were social and economic problems during the Great Depression. Burnburning is a story about social inequality, especially the rich land of Spanish houses, in stark contrast to the Sartoris family farming law. Abner is the father of this family. He is indifferent to him. His family kept moving around for this reason. William Faulkner's Barn Burnout happened. Burning Abner's barn plays a vital role in finding potential information and topics. Family obligations This setting plays an important role in determining the context of events occurring in every document. Barn grill in 1930, short story by William Faulkner barn grill explains the typical relationship between rich and poor during the Civil War. The main character Abner Snopes earns a living for his family. He looked down on the rich. Because of the resentment to the rich, he went to burn out their warehouse to retaliate. The role of Abner in the story is the same. Because he is ruthless, l awless, violent. The use of blood in barn-yaki and barn-yaki is about the boy's struggle to do the right thing after the war. The main character, Sartoris Snopes, is a poor son of an immigrant tenant. In the opening ceremony, he was asked by the patrol judge to look up the barn of the farmer 's burnt farmer. The boy did not tell his father, and he was not compelled to do so, he thought he asked someone to do so. Father Abner Snopes analyzed the burning of William Faulkner's barn in the Civil War. William Faulkner's short story Barn Burning is a teen-year-old boy, Sarty Snopes, gradually noticed that his father, Abner Snopes, refuses to accept peace and dignity from his relationship with others. I will send my hopeless and sad life. Essentially, Sarty is faced with the dilemma of making the right choice and wrong choice between his family (his blood) and his moral conscience. Jane Hills explains this. Barn Burning It is meaningful for Sarty to betray his father at William Faulkner's story Barn Burning. As he was trying to burn Mr. Harris 's barn, the reader was introduced to Sarty' s father. Because there was no evidence, Peace judge rescinded Sartre's father Abner Snopes' father and ordered him to leave. A tough image of Sarty's father appeared online. That place stiffened a while ago (2177). Faulkner 's barn baked and turned off Naritane burning and unprocessed narrator presents a totally different storytelling approach. In Barn Burning, Faulkner used a third party in a limited omniscised way that allowed him to enter the story of the main character Sartoris Snowpice. From this point of view, the narrator decided what the story had happened in the past and he commented: Later, 20 years later, he also tells himself. Burning in Mississippi's virtual Yoknapatawpha County Occurred. This is a story that happened in the 1930s when there were social and economic problems during the Great Depression . Burnburning is a story about social inequality, especially the rich land of Spanish houses, in stark contrast to the Sartoris family farming law. Abner is the father of this family. He is indifferent to him. His family kept moving around for this reason. William Faulkner's Barn Burnout happened. Burning Abner's barn plays a vital role in finding potential information and topics. Family obligations This setting plays an important role in determining the context of events occurring in every document. Barn grill in 1930, short story by William Faulkner barn grill explains the typical relationship between rich and poor during the Civil War. The main character Abner Snopes earns a living for his family. He looked down on the rich. Because of the resentment to the rich, he went to burn out their warehouse to retaliate. The role of Abner in the story is the same. Because he is ruthless, lawless, violent. Barn Burning The barn burns You become a person.You must learn.You must learn to stick to your own blood, otherwise there is no blood to stick to you . As Jane Hills suggests in her explanation, it reveals the central problem of the story. The story is about blood relations, but more specifically how these relationships affect Sarty (the central function of the story). This story explores the internal conflicts and dilemmas Sarty faces. Faulkner 's barn baked and turned off Naritane burning and unprocessed narrator presents a totally different storytelling approach. In Barn Burning, Faulkner used a third party in a limited omniscised way that allowed him to enter the story of the main character Sartoris Snowpice. From this point of view, the narrator decided what the story had happened in the past and he commented: Later, 20 years later, he also tells himself. Burning in Mississippi's virtual Yoknapatawpha County Occurred. This is a story that happened in the 1930s when there were social and econ omic problems during the Great Depression. Burnburning is a story about social inequality, especially the rich land of Spanish houses, in stark contrast to the Sartoris family farming law. Abner is the father of this family. He is indifferent to him. His family kept moving around for this reason. William Faulkner's Barn Burnout happened. Burning Abner's barn plays a vital role in finding potential information and topics. Family obligations This setting plays an important role in determining the context of events occurring in every document. Barn grill in 1930, short story by William Faulkner barn grill explains the typical relationship between rich and poor during the Civil War. The main character Abner Snopes earns a living for his family. He looked down on the rich. Because of the resentment to the rich, he went to burn out their warehouse to retaliate. The role of Abner in the story is the same. Because he is ruthless, lawless, violent. The use of blood in barn-yaki and barn-yaki is about the boy's struggle to do the right thing after the war. The main character, Sartoris Snopes, is a poor son of an immigrant tenant. In the opening ceremony, he was asked by the patrol judge to look up the barn of the farmer 's burnt farmer. The boy did not tell his father, and he was not compelled to do so, he thought he asked someone to do so. Father Abner Snopes analyzed the burning of William Faulkner's barn in the Civil War. William Faulkner's short story Barn Burning is a teen-year-old boy, Sarty Snopes, gradually noticed that his father, Abner Snopes, refuses to accept peace and dignity from his relationship with others. I will send my hopeless and sad life. Essentially, Sarty is faced with the dilemma of making the right choice and wrong choice between his family (his blood) and his moral conscience. Jane Hills explains this. Barn Burning Burning a barn Burning a barn is a sad story, as it clearly shows the classic struggle between privilege class and weak class. Over and over, despair is manifested in the hero and the opponent of the story. This story outlines two different heroes and two different opponents. The first two are Colonel Sartoris Snopes (Sarty) and his father Abner Snopes (Ab). Sarty is the hero surrounded by his father's confrontation, Ab is the protagonist of the social structure and the struggle imposed on him and his family. Faulkner 's barn baked and turned off Naritane burning and unprocessed narrator presents a totally different storytelling approach. In Barn Burning, Faulkner used a third party in a limited omniscised way that allowed him to enter the story of the main character Sartoris Snowpice. From this point of view, the narrator decided what the story had happened in the past and he commented: Later, 20 years later, he also tells himself. Burning in Mississippi's virtual Yoknapatawpha Coun ty Occurred. This is a story that happened in the 1930s when there were social and economic problems during the Great Depression. Burnburning is a story about social inequality, especially the rich land of Spanish houses, in stark contrast to the Sartoris family farming law. Abner is the father of this family. He is indifferent to him. His family kept moving around for this reason. William Faulkner's Barn Burnout happened. Burning Abner's barn plays a vital role in finding potential information and topics. Family obligations This setting plays an important role in determining the context of events occurring in every document. Barn grill in 1930, short story by William Faulkner barn grill explains the typical relationship between rich and poor during the Civil War. The main character Abner Snopes earns a living for his family. He looked down on the rich. Because of the resentment to the rich, he went to burn out their warehouse to retaliate. The role of Abner in the story is the same . Because he is ruthless, lawless, violent. Barn Burning The use of blood in barn-yaki and barn-yaki is about the boy's struggle to do the right thing after the war. The main character, Sartoris Snopes, is a poor son of an immigrant tenant. In the opening ceremony, he was asked by the patrol judge to look up the barn of the farmer 's burnt farmer. The boy did not tell his father, and he was not compelled to do so, he thought he asked someone to do so. Father Abner Snopes served both sides in the civil war and it was difficult to let his anger escape. Faulkner 's barn baked and turned off Naritane burning and unprocessed narrator presents a totally different storytelling approach. In Barn Burning, Faulkner used a third party in a limited omniscised way that allowed him to enter the story of the main character Sartoris Snowpice. From this point of view, the narrator decided what the story had happened in the past and he commented: Later, 20 years later, he also tells himself. Burning in Mississippi's virtual Yoknapatawpha County Occurred. Th is is a story that happened in the 1930s when there were social and economic problems during the Great Depression. Burnburning is a story about social inequality, especially the rich land of Spanish houses, in stark contrast to the Sartoris family farming law. Abner is the father of this family. He is indifferent to him. His family kept moving around for this reason. William Faulkner's Barn Burnout happened. Burning Abner's barn plays a vital role in finding potential information and topics. Family obligations This setting plays an important role in determining the context of events occurring in every document. Barn grill in 1930, short story by William Faulkner barn grill explains the typical relationship between rich and poor during the Civil War. The main character Abner Snopes earns a living for his family. He looked down on the rich. Because of the resentment to the rich, he went to burn out their warehouse to retaliate. The role of Abner in the story is the same. Because he is ruthless, lawless, violent. The use of blood in barn-yaki and barn-yaki is about the boy's struggle to do the right thing after the war. The main character, Sartoris Snopes, is a poor son of an immigrant tenant. In the opening ceremony, he was asked by the patrol judge to look up the barn of the farmer 's burnt farmer. The boy did not tell his father, and he was not compelled to do so, he thought he asked someone to do so. Father Abner Snopes analyzed the burning of William Faulkner's barn in the Civil War. William Faulkner's short story Barn Burning is a teen-year-old boy, Sarty Snopes, gradually noticed that his father, Abner Snopes, refuses to accept peace and dignity from his relationship with others. I will send my hopeless and sad life. Essentially, Sarty is faced with the dilemma of making the right choice and wrong choice between his family (his blood) and his moral conscience. Jane Hills explains this. Barn Burning In Barn Burning, the author William Faulkner wrote a wonderful story about the poor boy who lives in anxiety, despair, and fear. He introduced the colonel Satoriosunpes, or a long-aged boy, Thirty. Because of the bad living environment, Sarty has to choose between justice and family. At the age of 10, Sarty started to believe that his sincerity will help him make the right choice. Loyalty to his family does not allow him to understand why he warned the De Spain family when he was so young. Faulkner 's barn baked and turned off Naritane burning and unprocessed narrator presents a totally different storytelling approach. In Barn Burning, Faulkner used a third party in a limited omniscised way that allowed him to enter the story of the main character Sartoris Snowpice. From this point of view, the narrator decided what the story had happened in the past and he commented: Later, 20 years later, he also tells himself. Burning in Mississippi's virtual Yoknapatawpha County Occurred. This is a story that happened in the 1930s when there were social and economic problems during the Great Depression. Burnburning is a story about social inequality, especially the rich land of Spanish houses, in stark contrast to the Sartoris family farming law. Abner is the father of this family. He is indifferent to him. His family kept moving around for this reason. William Faulkner's Barn Burnout happened. Burning Abner's barn plays a vital role in finding potential information and topics. Family obligations This setting plays an important role in determining the context of events occurring in every document. Barn grill in 1930, short story by William Faulkner barn grill explains the typical relationship between rich and poor during the Civil War. The main character Abner Snopes earns a living for his family. He looked down on the rich. Because of the resentment to the rich, he went to burn out their warehouse to retaliate. The role of Abner in the story is the same. Because he is ruth less, lawless, violent. Barn Burning As barn has to choose between his family and their doctrine or his own moral and value, the barns burn through the story Barn Burning, the writer William Faulkner conveys the moral growth and development of the little boy Make a critical decision. Readers should be aware that the story of burning a barn was written in the 1930s, during the era of economic, social and cultural turmoil. Faulkner brings these desperate themes to Snoop's story. During the rebuilding of the Civil War, Faulkner began talking about barn-yaki at the southern court and it was a social, cultural and economically unstable period. Faulkner 's barn baked and turned off Naritane burning and unprocessed narrator presents a totally different storytelling approach. In Barn Burning, Faulkner used a third party in a limited omniscised way that allowed him to enter the story of the main character Sartoris Snowpice. From this point of view, the narrator decided what the story had happened in the past and he commented: La ter, 20 years later, he also tells himself. Burning in Mississippi's virtual Yoknapatawpha County Occurred. This is a story that happened in the 1930s when there were social and economic problems during the Great Depression. Burnburning is a story about social inequality, especially the rich land of Spanish houses, in stark contrast to the Sartoris family farming law. Abner is the father of this family. He is indifferent to him. His family kept moving around for this reason. William Faulkner's Barn Burnout happened. Burning Abner's barn plays a vital role in finding potential information and topics. Family obligations This setting plays an important role in determining the context of events occurring in every document. Barn grill in 1930, short story by William Faulkner barn grill explains the typical relationship between rich and poor during the Civil War. The main character Abner Snopes earns a living for his family. He looked down on the rich. Because of the resentment to the ric h, he went to burn out their warehouse to retaliate. The role of Abner in the story is the same. Because he is ruthless, lawless, violent. The use of blood in barn-yaki and barn-yaki is about the boy's struggle to do the right thing after the war. The main character, Sartoris Snopes, is a poor son of an immigrant tenant. In the opening ceremony, he was asked by the patrol judge to look up the barn of the farmer 's burnt farmer. The boy did not tell his father, and he was not compelled to do so, he thought he asked someone to do so. Father Abner Snopes analyzed the burning of William Faulkner's barn in the Civil War. William Faulkner's short story Barn Burning is a teen-year-old boy, Sarty Snopes, gradually noticed that his father, Abner Snopes, refuses to accept peace and dignity from his relationship with others. I will send my hopeless and sad life. Essentially, Sarty is faced with the dilemma of making the right choice and wrong choice between his family (his blood) and his moral conscience. Jane Hills explains this.

Modern Age Europe 1348-1789 Primary Doc Analysis Essay - 2

Modern Age Europe 1348-1789 Primary Doc Analysis - Essay Example It was the prevailing system of accepting scientific facts at that time which Galileo Galilei opposed; a system to which, instead of letting people tries to discover and learn the nature and processes that surround them; it was left to those with authority, who in this case was Aristotle. Criticizing Aristotle was almost the same as criticizing the church (William). Galileo contends that God has given man knowledge and reasoning so that he will be able to find answers to questions that come to his mind by endowing man â€Å"with senses, reason, and intellect†¦to give us knowledge which we can attain by them† (Letter to the Most Serene Grand Duchess). And so it is the nature of man to question things that happen around him. It is not surprising that Galileo’s thirst for knowledge about the natural world resulted in his discovery of facts leading from accepted knowledge by the Church during his time. In Part 13.5 of â€Å"Documents in Western Civilization†, Galileo’s wish to know about the formation of clouds eventually led him to discover how water vapor forms. During those periods, the only truth being accepted by the Church is that clouds are formed by water vapor. He argues that Aristotelian thinking and philosophizing based on religious scripture is nothing if the man fails to discover the properties of every thing around him. As he said, â€Å"And finally by elevating us to the ultimate end of our labors, which is the love of the divine Artificer, this will keep us steadfast in the hope that we shall learn every other truth in Him, the source of all light and verify† (Galileo Galilei). In chapter 13.6, his letter to the Most Serene Duchess Mother showed his frustrations against the non-acceptance of his discoveries and line of scientific inquiry, particularly his discoveries of the heavens.  Ã‚  

Quantitative research article critique Assignment

Quantitative research article critique - Assignment Example The details of the mentioned study were published in a nursing article in the tenth volume of the BMC Cancer Journal. One of the major problems that became apparent in the article was that the study problem was not explicitly stated in the study’s abstract, and it was not until in the later parts of the Background that the reader becomes aware of the study’s intent to analyze patient preferences on conservative palliative management (CPM) versus active and aggressive medical management (AAMM) in end-of-life care. In fact, only the study’s aims were mentioned, and the research problems as well as hypotheses were not clearly stated in the paper. Nevertheless, the chosen topic in the study is very much significant in the field of nursing since it provides a medium for guaranteeing â€Å"Patient-Centered Care† (PCC), one of the primary advocacies of nursing (Mitchell, Bournes, & Hollett, 2006). Indeed, this emphasis on PCC served as among the basic justification for the study, and the highlighting of PCC was used as part of the basic conceptual framework of the study, albeit this framework was rather implied, and not explicitly stated. Still, the PCC framework was linked to the research purpose by serving as the primary motivation for the study and review of literature. In relation, most of the literature reviewed can be considered recent, with 90% of the studies cited conducted from 2000 to present. However, the remaining percentage involved older studies, with the oldest study dated 1984. Nevertheless, a strong point of the study is that its review of literature flowed logically and although it was brief, the literat ure review was able to adequately justify the need for the study. In terms of methodology, another weak point of the study is in the fact that it failed to comprehensively discuss its study design. In fact, the research design was not mentioned at all in the study. Instead, the reader has to infer what possible design was utilized for

SPSS Homework Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SPSS Homework - Statistics Project Example line and therefore meets the direction, magnitude, unit inter-distance, and absolute zero properties of the ratio scale (Frankfort-Nachmias and Leon-Guerrero, 2011; Anderson, Sweeney and Williams, 2011). The statistics suggests longer training among Michigan officers than among Ohio officers. The difference means of the two groups, with mean being considered the most reliable measure because of its consideration of rank and magnitude of data points, is large and therefore supports this. From the measures of dispersion, it can be concluded that training among Michigan officers is more differentiated to include a wider range of hours. A majority of Michigan officers are however trained for longer period than officers from Ohio are. Standard deviation, skewedness and inter-quartile range values shows this. I would choose the disciplinary board because while its mean has been low, its standard deviation has also been low and promises a confidence interval of less than 1. This means that the number of days will be barely 100. The warden offers an average of 115 days and with a low confidence interval of less than four, the number of days cannot be as low as those for the disciplinary board. I will therefore choose the board because its sentence will always be lower than that of the

Ikea Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Ikea - Case Study Example For this reason, IKEA focuses on the market segment where these customers are identified. This creates a remarkable point for IKEA to continously formulate promotional communication that would entice the benefits that these target customers desire. The firm’s targeting strategy is therefore concentrated. Concentrated targeting strategy allows marketer to facilitate promotional message and direct it to a single and specific market segment (Pride and Ferrell 181). This makes IKEA dynamic in its attempt to create competitive advantage in its industry. To reach this competitive advantage, IKEA uses psychographic variables for segmenting consumer market. Psychographic variables pertain to lifestyle, attitudes and personalities (Reid and Bojanic 136). It is clear based on the case that the firm uses the idea it has about the consumers’ attitudes, lifestyle and personality when it implements its targeting strategy. Furthermore, to enhance this strategy, the firm also incorporates the behavioral and benefits variables. Behavioral variables include the actual behaviors of the customers which could become the basis of what service to offer them (Reid and Bojanic 137). This leads to its emancipation of additional service thru its cavernous stores for hungry customers. In addition, IKEA clearly tries to win its target customers by offering them the benefits of their products. Benefits are very important because they could help the firm in its identification of appropriate information to use to its target market (Reid and Bojanic 13 9). As a result of the above marketing strategies, IKEA today has become the leading home furnishings brand in the world with 330 stores in 40 countries and having dynamic actual and online interactions to its customers with around 154,000 co-workers (IKEA). It has aggressively expanded from its humble

Why Americans Are So Obsessed With Celebrities Essay

Why Americans Are So Obsessed With Celebrities - Essay Example The report continues that one in ten was obsessed to the point of being almost psychotic. In other articles Austin (2007) declares that approximately seven million celebrity gossip magazines are sold each week. Why is that Why the lives of Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie or David Beckham are so fascinating for Americans to drop everything and tune in There are possibly two reasons for this - media, boredom with life and new modern technologies. Media now has the power to unveil the most intimate moments of celebrities. Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie are not the first two celebrities to go to Namibia. However, they suddenly made headlines when decided to give birth to their child there. Very often the media is not reporting what the celebrities say, but they report on what they think has happened. This somehow disports the whole halo around popular people. The media steals their personal lives and transforms them into gossip food for the public. News reporters prefer to broadcast a celebrity baby than to explain to the audience a nuclear bomb experiment in the Pacific Ocean. Media shapes the image of the Americans - a nation that favours gossips to news of substance. Why do the media choose such a stand They say it is about ratings. TV stations just give the audience what they demand most - more stardom. Media simply responds to the public demands.

Analyzing Concerns in Preemployment Testing Assignment

Analyzing Concerns in Preemployment Testing - Assignment Example A libel suit, therefore, arises from the defamatory stories that the complainant accuses the former employer for spreading against him. In this case, it would be perceived as a labor dispute (Walsh, 2013). In this scenario of drug use, I believe that the person in fault is the office worker for having negligently acted towards the recording of such a statement against one of their employees. She, in fact, acknowledged that the statement about the positive drug test was a ‘mistake on her part’. First, they argue that the former employer has defamed their names and tarnished their reputation by allegedly linking them to a positive drug test which was not the case. In reality, the office employee who was tasked with the reporting of the same is the one who had erred. Second, they argue that the alleged altercation at the truck stop did not happen as even the official records of an arrest or even proof that it happened could not be traced. Third, the complainant argues that it is, therefore, out of context for the prospective employer to refuse to hire or employ him based on these allegations from the former employer, which have no basis as none can be proved or accounted for. In general, the complainant distances himself from any arrests which might have been recorded against his name. The prospective employer defends itself from the allegations of refusing to hire the truck driver based on the reports they get from the former employer, to which they take as true. This is because the former employer has not denounced them as false. On its part, regarding the arrests, the former employer defends itself by stating that it had received several reports that the driver had been implicated in an altercation with another driver at a truck stop and put the information in the driver’s personal file. However, no mention is made of the authenticity of the reports the employer records to which the

Advantages and Disadvantages of Organizational Structures Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of Organizational Structures Essay Departmentalization: Advantage- More specialized in certain fields, communication is excellent because of the knowledge one has about the function of the job, easier to work as a team to get better results. Disadvantage-Staff does not always know the case of the client in detail, other organizations may not always talk to the same person, and very specific job knowledge is required, hard to find a fill in for positions. Matrix Organizations: Advantages-more flexible than departmentalization, more than one person in charge that one can go to for assistance, wider choice for employees that fit the need. Disadvantages-employees are harder to manage due to independence, could increase expenses, more employees needed, lack of loyalty to position, constant team work needed. The Project Team: Advantages-less managers, better communication, less stress on one person. Disadvantages-who is in charge may create conflict, lack of consideration for others, lack of accountability, lack of job focus. The collegial model: Advantages-independent functioning, independent decision making, each person is equal in responsibility, each generates own income, total flexibility. Disadvantages-lack of accountability, lack of authority. In day to day operations the Matrix structure would serve well for a counseling center as its advantages are stronger than its disadvantages, Project Team structure would be the better choice for the center as it has a stronger back bone to carry the center. The Departmentalization structure is the strongest of all choices as it divides the employees by knowledge and has a better opportunity to assist clients. The collegial model would not be efficient in a counseling center as there is no real set structure for day to day operations; its disadvantages are stronger than its advantages.

Vrouwen in topfuncties

Vrouwen in topfuncties Vrouwen in topfuncties 1. Inleiding 2. Wat is een topfunctie? 3. Vrouwen op de arbeidsmarkt en in topfuncties 3.1 Hoe is de situatie nu met vrouwen op de totale arbeidsmarkt? 3.2 Hoe is de situatie nu met het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties? 4. Oorzaken 4.1 Wat zijn de oorzaken van het grote verschil in aantal mannen en vrouwen in topfuncties? 5. Quotum 5.1 Waarom zou de overheid een quotum voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties in willen stellen? 5.2 Waarom zouden bedrijven een quotum voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties in willen stellen? 5.3 Hoe kijkt de bevolking aan tegen een quotum? 5.4 Waarom zou er geen quotum ingesteld moeten worden? 6. Mogelijkheden om arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen te verhogen 6.1 Welke mogelijkheden zijn er om de arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen te verhogen op de totale arbeidsmarkt? 6.2 Welke mogelijkheden zijn er om de arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen de verhogen in topfuncties? 7. Conclusie Bijlagen 1. Inleiding Het onderwerp van ons profielwerkstuk is vrouwen in topfuncties. Al jaren is er veel aandacht voor het lage aantal vrouwen in topfuncties. Uit onderzoeken van het Europese statistiekbureau Eurostat en headhuntersbedrijf Woman Capital blijkt dat Nederland internationaal gezien bijzonder laag scoort als het gaat om het aantal vrouwen in de top. Voorzitter van de FNV, Agnes Jongerius, zegt ook in een artikel van de volkskrant van 2 april 2008 dat Nederland samen met Botswana ergens onderaan bungelt qua vrouwen in topfuncties en dat wanneer het niet wettelijk verplicht wordt er weinig zal veranderen. Sinds 2007/2008 wordt in Nederland gedebatteerd over een quotum om het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties te verhogen. We hebben vrouwen in topfuncties als onderwerp voor ons profielwerkstuk gekozen, omdat het een erg actueel onderwerp is. We vinden het interessant om te kijken waarom er zoveel aandacht is in de politiek en media voor de kleine doorstroom vrouwen naar topfuncties en waardoor dit komt. Ook zijn we benieuwd of een instelling van een quotum een verandering in de mannencultuur in topfuncties kan brengen. Onze hoofdvraag luidt als volgt: Is het een verbetering als er een quotum komt voor vrouwen in topfuncties?. Wij denken dat we niet op een duidelijk ja of nee zullen uitkomen, omdat verbetering een groot begrip is. Er is geen duidelijke maatstaaf waarmee wij kunnen meten of het quotum een verbetering is. Bovendien zal het quotum, als het wordt ingevoerd, pas in 2012 ingevoerd worden en is de werkelijke verbetering dus nu nog niet te meten en kunnen we alleen nog spreken vanuit verwachtingen. Het doel van ons profielwerkstuk is dat we in onze conclusie kunnen motiveren wat de positieve veranderingen zullen zijn van de instelling van het quotum en wat de negatieve veranderingen zullen zijn, maar dus nog geen duidelijke uitspraak of het quotum zal leiden tot een verbetering. Om onze hoofdvraag te kunnen beantwoorden, hebben we de volgende deelvragen opgesteld: 1. Wat is een topfunctie? 2.1 Hoe staan vrouwen op de gehele arbeidsmarkt? 2.2 Hoe staan vrouwen op de arbeidsmarkt van topfuncties? 3.1 Waarom moet er een quotum voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties worden ingesteld? 3.2 Waarom zou een quotum voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties niet ingesteld moeten worden? 4.1 Welke manieren zijn er om de arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen te verhogen? 4.2 Welke manieren zijn er om de arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen in topfuncties te verhogen, naast een quotum? 5.1 Kunnen vrouwen topfuncties bekleden? 5.2 Willen vrouwen topfuncties bekleden? 5.3 Is de instelling van een quotum juridisch haalbaar? De antwoorden op deze vragen willen we op twee manieren verzamelen. De eerste manier is informatie verzamelen via internet. Hierbij is de website van het Centraal Bureau van Statistiek (CBS) een grote informatiebron voor ons, onder andere voor deelvraag 2. Ook gebruiken we veel op internet gepubliceerde onderzoeken, onder andere om argumenten te kunnen vormen voor en tegen de instelling van een quotum voor deelvraag 3. De tweede manier waarop we aan onze informatie komen is onze enquà ªte. Met de enquà ªte willen we te weten komen hoe de bevolking tegen het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties kijkt en hoe de bevolking kijkt tegen de instelling van een quotum. De uitkomsten van deze enquà ªte verwerken we in paragraaf 5. Tenslotte de vraag: wat heeft het profielwerkstuk voor ons voor nut gehad? Het belangrijkste wat we van het profielwerkstuk hebben geleerd, is tijdsplanning Het profielwerkstuk is een groot project waar 80 uur per persoon in moet zitten. We zijn rond september 2009 begonnen en de enige echte deadline die we hadden was 1 maart 2010. Om op 1 maart een goed profielwerkstuk te kunnen inleveren is tijdsplanning à ©Ãƒ ©n van de belangrijkste dingen die je nodig hebt. Zonder tijdsplanning kom je op het laatst namelijk ontzettend in tijdsnood en dat komt je werk nooit ten goede. Natuurlijk hebben we de afgelopen jaren op school al heel veel geleerd over tijdsplanning, maar het profielwerkstuk is het laatste, grootste project waarin dit tot uiting komt. 2. Wat is een topfunctie? In deze paragraaf gaat het om het definià «ren van een topfunctie. Ondanks dat er een bepaald beeld hangt rondom het woord topfunctie, workaholics met een hoog salaris en ze zijn erg belangrijk voor het bedrijf, is het moeilijk uit te leggen wat een topfunctie nou precies is. Dat het lastig is om een topfunctie te definià «ren, komt doordat er geen duidelijke maatstaaf is die voor elke sector gelijk is voor wanneer een functie een topfunctie is en wanneer de functie behoort tot een middenfunctie. Dit verschilt namelijk per sector en bedrijf. Het ligt aan de omvang en gelaagdheid van het bedrijf, dus kan een functie in het ene bedrijf wel tot een topfunctie gerekend worden, maar in een ander bedrijf niet. Een oplossing hiervoor zou kunnen zijn om te definià «ren aan de hand van afgeleide indicatoren, bijvoorbeeld salarisniveau. Maar ook dit is lastig, omdat afgeleide indicatoren vaak geen betrouwbare maatstaaf zijn. Salarissen kunnen namelijk per sector of bedrijf verschillen: mensen met dezelfde functie verdienen niet per definitie hetzelfde salaris. Een voorbeeld hiervan is het verschil tussen het salaris van mannen en vrouwen en het gemeten aantal vrouwen in topfuncties kan hierdoor dus te laag uitvallen. Een ander criterium voor een topfunctie zou de functie-inhoud kunnen zijn, bijvoorbeeld in welke mate de werknemer beslissingsbevoegd is of over hoeveel mensen hij/zij leiding geeft. Hier zit men echter met hetzelfde probleem. Het is onmogelijk om een beschrijving van de functie-inhoud te maken die voor elke sector en elk soort bedrijf te hanteren is. Het is nu dus duidelijk dat topfuncties in verschillende sectoren niet over een kam te scheren zijn. Daarom worden topfuncties vaak gecategoriseerd in de volgende categorieà «n: het bedrijfsleven, het maatschappelijk middenveld, politiek en openbare functies. In het bedrijfsleven wordt vaak het hoogste orgaan van het bedrijf, dus degene die de dagelijkse leiding in handen heeft, als de echte top top gezien. Dit hoogste orgaan wordt de raad van bestuur of raad van directie genoemd. Ook hoort het orgaan dat toezicht houdt op het functioneren van het bedrijf tot topfuncties. Dit orgaan wordt aangeduid met verschillende namen, het vaakst met de naam raad van commissarissen, maar ook wel met de raad van toezicht, of de raad van advies. Het maatschappelijk middenveld houdt de non-profitsector in, dus de instellingen die winst maken niet als doelstelling hebben. De non-profitsector hebben we in dit geval opgesplitst in de delen: onderwijs, sociaaleconomische instellingen en zorg en welzijn. In het onderwijs behoren de managementfuncties in het basis- middelbaar- en hoger beroepsonderwijs en hoogleraren tot topfuncties. In de sociaaleconomische sector en zorg en welzijn worden dezelfde namen als in het bedrijfsleven gehanteerd, dus raad van bestuur en raad van commissarissen. In de politiek worden de leden van de Eerste en Tweede Kamer tot topfuncties gerekend, evenals de gedeputeerden in de provinciebesturen en Commissarissen van de Koningin. In de lokale politiek bekleed men een topfunctie als burgemeesters of lid van het bestuur van de waterschappen. Het openbaar bestuur bestaat uit de rechterlijke macht, Raad van State, Algemene Rekenkamer, het politiekorps en de Sociaaleconomische Raad (SER). In de rechterlijke macht bekleden rechters en officieren van justitie topfuncties en de politietop bestaat uit iedereen met schaal 14 of hoger. Tenslotte is er de ambtelijke top. In de overheid behoren de functies van secretarissen-generaal, directeuren-generaal, topambtenaren, statengriffiers, gemeentesecretarissen en secretarissen waterschappen tot topfuncties. 3. Huidige situatie van vrouwen op de arbeidsmarkt en in topfuncties In deze deelvraag wordt beschreven hoe het de afgelopen jaren ervoor staat met vrouwen in topfuncties. Om dit helder te krijgen gaat het eerst over hoe vrouwen staan op de totale arbeidsmarkt, dus: wat is de arbeidsdeelname van vrouwen, hoeveel werken er voltijd en hoeveel deeltijd, hoe zijn vrouwen verdeeld over de verschillende opleidingsniveaus, hoe gaat het met de combinatie van zorgen voor kinderen en werk en ten slotte hoe is het inkomen van vrouwen ten opzichte van mannen. Daarna wordt het verkleind van de gehele arbeidsmarkt naar topfuncties, dus: hoeveel topfuncties worden er bekleed door vrouwen en wat zijn de redenen voor dit aantal vrouwen in topfuncties. In deze deelvraag wordt gebruik gemaakt van gegevens uit 2007 en 2008, omdat recenter nog niet beschikbaar is. Sommige gegevens uit 2008 zijn ook niet te verkrijgen, daarom wordt er in die gevallen over 2007 gesproken. Het grootste deel van de gegevens komt uit de emancipatiemonitor 2008 van het Centraal Bureau voor Statistiek (CBS). 3.1 Hoe is de situatie nu met vrouwen op de totale arbeidsmarkt? Arbeidsparticipatie In 2008 telt Nederland 5.454.000 vrouwen tussen 15 en 65. De netto arbeidsparticipatie van deze vrouwen is in 2008 59%, dat betekent een stijging van 1,8% ten opzichte van 2007. Absoluut gezien houdt dit in dat er 3.217.860 werkende vrouwen zijn in 2008. Als de netto arbeidsdeelname van vrouwen op deze manier door blijft groeien, wordt het streefcijfer van de overheid van 65% in 2010 niet gehaald. De netto arbeidsparticipatie is het laagst onder vrouwen tussen 55 tot en met 65 jaar, vrouwen met alleen basisonderwijs en Turkse en Marokkaanse vrouwen. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Streefwaarde 52,3 53,5 54,8 56,0 57,3 58,5 59,6 61,0 62,3 63,5 65,0 Realisatie 52,0 53,0 53,0 53,0 53,0 53,0 55,0 57,0 [1] Naast netto arbeidsparticipatie is er ook de bruto arbeidsparticipatie, bij de bruto arbeidsparticipatie worden niet alleen de werkende bevolking meegerekend maar ook de werkzoekenden. In 2008 is er een bruto arbeidsparticipatie van 62% en dit is een stijging van 1,3% ten opzichte van 2007. Met een gelijkblijvende ontwikkeling kan het streefcijfer van 74% in 2016 wel worden gerealiseerd. Van de vrouwen van 15 tot 65 jaar met een baan van 12 uur of meer per week werkt 69% in deeltijd en dit is zo goed als gelijk gebleven aan 2007. Wel is er een verschuiving van kleine naar (middel)grote deeltijdbanen. Het gemiddelde aantal werkuren per week is in 2007 24,8 uur. 69% Van de werkende vrouwen heeft dus een deeltijdbaan, dit is ontzettend hoog vergeleken met het buitenland. Duitsland komt nog het dichts bij Nederland in de buurt met 49%. Het werkloosheidpercentage ligt bij vrouwen iets lager dan bij mannen, namelijk 6% tegenover 4% in 2007. En arbeidsongeschiktheid komt even veel voor bij mannen als bij vrouwen. Opleidingsniveau In het schooljaar 2007/2008 volgden ruim 900.000 leerlingen een opleiding in het voortgezet onderwijs, de verhouding tussen man en vrouw is hier ongeveer gelijk. Meisjes volgen minder vaak dan jongens het VMBO: van de meisjes volgden 27% een basis- of kaderberoepsgerichte leerweg tegenover 32% van de jongens. Meisjes gaan ook vaker naar de havo dan jongens, 24% van de meisjes kiest voor de havo versus 23% van de jongens. De percentages binnen het vwo liggen verder uit elkaar, 23% van de meisjes koos namelijk voor het vwo en dit staat tegenover 19% van de jongens. In schooljaar 2006/2007 slaagden vrouwen gemiddeld op hogere mbo-niveaus dan mannen. Van alle vrouwen die slaagden op het MBO had 70% een diploma op niveau 3 of 4, dit was bij mannen 55%. In schooljaar 2007/2008 was zowel op het HBO als op het WO 51% van de studenten vrouw. Vrouwen studeren over het algemeen sneller af dan mannen. Op het HBO was 65% van de vrouwen die in 2007 afstudeerden 5 jaar geleden begonnen aan de studie en bij de mannen was dit 51%. Op het WO was dit ongeveer 75% van de vrouwen die hun studie in 6 jaar hadden afgerond tegenover 60% van de mannen. Combinatie zorg en werk De komst van kinderen zorgt in veel gezinnen voor een verandering in de verdeling van de arbeid. In 2007 ging circa 33% van de vrouwen minder werken door de komst van hun eerste kind en 10% van de vrouwen stopte helemaal met werken. Laag opgeleide vrouwen doen dit vaker (17%) dan middelbaar (9%) en hoogopgeleide vrouwen (8%). 40% Van de moeders in 2007 bleef evenveel werken of ging zelfs meer werken. Hierbij moet wel worden gezegd dat het hier vooral gaat om kleine of middelgrote deeltijdbanen, dus deeltijdbanen tussen de 12 en 27 uur per week. Vooral vrouwen met een voltijdbaan of een grote deeltijdbaan gingen minder werken. In tegenstelling tot vrouwen blijft 90% van de mannen evenveel werken als voor de komst van het eerste kind. Naast helemaal niet (meer) werken, komt dus het werken in deeltijd voor. Deeltijdbanen worden het meest uitgevoerd door vrouwen met kinderen. Bij 7% van de paren tussen de 25 en 49 jaar werken beide ouders in voltijd, terwijl 53% voor een combinatie van voltijd en deeltijd kiest. Vooral de middelgrote deeltijdbaan is relatief populair bij vrouwen na de geboorte van het eerste kind. Ruim 25% van de moeders werkte na de geboorte in een middelgrote deeltijdbaan. De meerderheid van de bevolking vindt dat voor moeders een deeltijdbaan van hoogstens 3 dagen het meeste ideaal is. Voor vaders wordt een werkweek van vier of vijf dagen het meest ideaal gevonden. Ouderschapsverlof wordt vooral door moeders opgenomen, namelijk 40% van de moeders tegenover 16% van de vaders. Ook is er een verschil tussen opleidingsniveau: 56% van de hoogopgeleide vrouwen neemt ouderschapsverlof en 17% van de laagopgeleide en 33% van de middelbaar opgeleide vrouwen. Om zorg en werk te combineren zijn er verschillende voorzieningen. De formele opvang zoals het kinderdagverblijf, gastouder opvang en buitenschoolse opvang. Daarnaast is er de informele opvang zoals het oppassen door familie of vrienden. Hoogopgeleide ouders maken vooral gebruik van de formele opvang en laag- en middelbaar opgeleide ouders maken iets vaker gebruik van de informele opvang. Inkomen Het eigen inkomen van vrouwen is een stuk lager dan dat van mannen. Dit verschil heeft twee oorzaken: de arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen, zowel in personen als in uren, is lager dan die van mannen, en vrouwen krijgen vaak een lager loon dan mannen voor hetzelfde werk. In 2007 ontvingen vrouwen 56% voor betaald werk van wat mannen verdienden. Dit is hetzelfde als in 2003 en de inkomensverschillen zijn de afgelopen jaren dus niet afgenomen. In de grafiek staat het inkomen van vrouwen als percentage van dat van mannen in 2007. Er is te zien dat het inkomen van vrouwen altijd lager is dan dat van mannen, behalve in de bijstand. Dit omdat deze uitkering niet gebaseerd is op een eerder verdiend loon, maar op het type huishouding. Onder de bijstandsontvangers zijn veel alleenstaande moeders en die verdienen meer dan alleenstaanden zonder kinderen, daardoor is het inkomen van vrouwen met bijstand gemiddeld iets hoger dan van mannen met bijstand. Ook zijn er grote verschillen in de inkomensverdeling van mannen en vrouwen. Vrouwen hebben vaker een lager inkomen dan mannen, zoals in de grafiek hierboven (uit 2007) te zien is. Er is een piek bij de à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬9.000, dit zijn vooral gehuwde vrouwen met alleen een AOW-uitkering. Ook piekt de grafiek van vrouwen bij de à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬17.000, dit zijn voornamelijk bijstandsmoeders. Bij mannen zijn mindere pieken bij bepaalde inkomens en komen meer hogere inkomens voor dan bij vrouwen. 3.2 Hoe is de situatie nu met vrouwen in topfuncties? Er komt steeds meer aandacht voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties. Verschillende organisaties en het kabinet vinden dat er meer vrouwen moeten komen in de top van het bedrijfsleven. Om het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties te vergroten worden verschillende maatregelen overwogen en sommige worden al uitgevoerd. Een voorbeeld hiervan is het Charter Talent naar de top, hiermee legden 47 organisaties zich in 2008 vast om concrete doelstellingen en een plan van aanpak te bedenken om meer vrouwen in topfuncties te laten werken. Ook wordt er gesproken over een quotum voor vrouwen in topfuncties. Het quotum zal inhouden dat in 2012 40% van de topfuncties bekleed moet worden door vrouwen. In het artikel FNV: Quotum vrouwen in topfuncties van de Volkskrant op 2 April 2008 zegt FNV-voorzitter (Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging, belangenbehartiger van werknemers) Agnes Jongerius dat Nederland qua aantal vrouwen in topfuncties samen met Botswana ergens onderaan bungelt en dat zonder wettelijke verp lichtingen het percentage niet zal stijgen. Jongerius vindt dat Nederland een voorbeeld aan Noorwegen moet nemen. In Noorwegen is namelijk een quotum ingesteld zodat het wettelijk verplicht wordt voor bedrijven 40% van de functies in raden van commissarissen door vrouwen bezet te hebben. Jongerius vindt dat Nederland een soortgelijk quotum in zou moeten stellen. In Noorwegen is de instelling van het quotum vrij soepel verlopen en tot nu toe zijn de van te voren besproken nadelen nog erg meegevallen. Maar ondanks het gestegen opleidingsniveau van vrouwen en de aandacht van het kabinet en verschillende maatschappelijke organisaties voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties neemt het aantal vrouwen in deze functies maar heel langzaam toe. De eerste oorzaak hiervan is te halen uit deelvraag 2.1, namelijk dat de arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen erg laag is en dat bovendien ook nog eens 69% van deze vrouwen parttime werkt. Deze 69% van de werkende vrouwen valt per definitie al af, omdat een topfunctie de werkuren van een fulltime baan eist en bovendien is er in praktijk geregeld sprake van overwerken. Uit onderzoek van de RUG blijkt dat dit de grootste belemmering is voor vrouwen om door te stromen naar de top. Bovendien wordt een carrià ¨reonderbreking vanwege moederschap op je CV gezien als minpunt. Een tweede oorzaak is dat het in veel bedrijven en organisaties standaard is om mannen aan te nemen voor de hogere functies. Er heerst een zogenoemde blanke mannencultuur waarin vrouwen de uitzondering vormen. Tenslotte zijn er nog oorzaken te noemen die vaak op gevoelskwesties gebaseerd zijn, zoals het gebrek aan vertrouwen in vrouwen en onderwaardering van vrouwelijke kwaliteiten. In 2007 werd 7% van de topfuncties van de 100 grootste bedrijven door vrouwen bekleed. Het streefcijfer van het emancipatiebeleid is 20% in 2010 en met een quotum dus 40% in 2012. Als de groei op deze manier door zal gaan, zal dit streefcijfer uiteraard niet gehaald worden, ook al zijn er de laatste tijd wel steeds meer plannen gemaakt zoals het Charter Talent naar de Top die wellicht invloed zullen hebben op een sterkere stijging van vrouwen in topfuncties. Het aantal vrouwen in managementfuncties in hogere en wetenschappelijke beroepen is hoger, in 2004 was het 21% en in 2007 27%. Van alle leidinggevende is 27% een vrouw, absoluut gezien zijn er 280.000 leidinggevende vrouwen en 768.000 mannen. Het aantal hoogleraren in 2007 is 11% en er wordt gestreefd naar 15% in 2010. In de overheid is het aandeel vrouwen onder hogere en topambtenaren gegroeid van 17% in 2006 tot 20% in 2008. Het streefcijfer voor vrouwelijke topambtenaren is 25% in 2011. Uit een onderzoek van het Centraal Bureau van Statistiek, onderdeel van de emancipatiemonitor 2008, blijkt dat het grootste deel van de bevolking vindt dat er te weinig vrouwen in topfuncties werken en dat dit zou moeten veranderen. Een meerderheid van de vrouwen en een grote minderheid van de mannen vindt dat het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties zou moeten verdubbelen. 4. Oorzaken van sekseverschil in topfuncties 4.1 Wat zijn de oorzaken van het verschil in aantal mannen en vrouwen in topfuncties? Dat er een groot verschil is in het aantal mannen en vrouwen in topfuncties, was te zien in paragraaf 3.2. In deze paragraaf worden een aantal oorzaken van dit verschil behandelt. Het is belangrijk om de oorzaken van de kleine doorstroom vrouwen naar topfuncties te kennen, omdat er dan ook meer gerichte mogelijkheden bedacht kunnen worden om het aantal vrouwen in de top te verhogen. In de literatuur worden de oorzaken van het verschil in mannen en vrouwen in topfuncties verdeeld in vijf soorten en in deze paragraaf zullen we deze vijf soorten ook hanteren. Per soort oorzaak zullen we de belangrijkste oorzaken noemen en uitleggen. De soorten oorzaken zijn als volgt ingedeeld[2]: 4.1.1. Macro-economisch en sociaal-cultureel 4.1.2. Organisatiecultuur 4.1.3. Organisatiebeleid 4.1.4. Persoonlijkheid 4.1.5. Loopbaan- en levensloopkeuzes. 4.1.1 Macro-economisch en sociaal-cultureel De eerste oorzaak is dat het voor de niet of minst verdienende partner vaak niet loont om (meer) te gaan werken, omdat het extra verdiende loon maar weinig bijdraagt aan het gezinsinkomen. Dit komt door de marginale lastendruk[3]. In Nederland is sprake van een progressieve inkomstenbelasting, dus wanneer men meer verdient, moet men ook meer belasting betalen. Ook zijn bijvoorbeeld de kosten van kinderopvang en de hoogte van een huurtoeslag afhankelijk van het inkomen, dus bij een hoger loon worden dit soort voordelen kleiner. Door deze marginale lastendruk wegen in veel gezinnen de lasten (het werken) niet op tegen de baten (de inkomsten), omdat de baten niet evenredig groeien met de lasten en dus zal de niet of minst verdienende partner niet (meer) gaan werken. De niet of minst verdienende partner is vaak de vrouw, want zij heeft gemiddeld een lager uurloon dan de man en het aantal vrouwen dat (tijdelijk) stopt of minder gaat werken is vele malen hoger dan het aantal mannen die dit doen. Doordat er in veel gezinnen hierom wordt gekozen om de vrouw niet of minder te laten werken dan de man, stromen er ook minder vrouwen door naar de top, omdat hiervoor een fulltime baan nodig is en het aanbod vrouwen voor topfuncties kleiner is. Een tweede oorzaak is dat het voor veel gezinnen lastig is om zorg en werk te combineren. Een voorbeeld waaruit blijkt dat zorg en werk lastig te combineren kan zijn is het niet gelijk lopen van school- en werktijden. Bovendien is er een gebrek aan goede en betaalbare kinderopvang, volgens SEO Economisch Onderzoek[4]. Ook is het in de Nederlandse cultuur gewoon dat Nederlandse vrouwen een deel van de zorg zelf willen doen[5]. Door deze punten blijven veel vrouwen (gedeeltelijk) thuis om voor de kinderen te zorgen, waardoor minder vrouwen een fulltime baan bekleden en het aanbod vrouwen voor topfuncties dus weer kleiner is. 4.1.2. Organisatiecultuur Met organisatiecultuur wordt de cultuur in het bedrijf of in de organisatie bedoelt. Hier spelen barrià ¨res die vrouwen tegenkomen tijdens hun doorstroom naar de top en vooroordelen om vrouwen een rol. Voorbeelden van barrià ¨res die vrouwen tegenkomen tijdens hun doorstroom naar de top zijn het glazen plafond en de heersende mannencultuur in topfuncties. Het glazen plafond betekent dat mannen vaker mannen aannemen dan vrouwen en daardoor is het lastig voor vrouwen dit glazen plafond te doorbreken. Het glazen plafond wordt in stand gehouden doordat er vooral mannen op de hogere managementfuncties zitten en dus zijn het vooral de mannen die in de positie zijn om mensen aan te nemen. De heersende mannencultuur in de top heeft ook op een andere manier invloed op de kleine doorstroom vrouwen naar topfuncties. Naar mate vrouwen hoger op de carrià ¨reladder komen, komen ze in een steeds sterker wordende mannencultuur. Om zich te kunnen blijven handhaven, passen ze zich aan, aan deze mannencultuur[6]. Dit wordt vervolgens niet gewaardeerd, omdat hun vrouwelijk kwaliteiten hierdoor verloren gaan en ze nooit een beter man zullen zijn dan de echte mannen die al in deze functies aanwezig zi jn. Ook wordt een mannelijke manier van leidinggeven, dus een directe stijl van leidinggeven, door een vrouw als negatiever ervaren dan wanneer een man op deze manier leiding geeft[7]. Ook heersen er in de cultuur van bedrijven en organisaties vooroordelen om vrouwen. Er wordt vaak uitgegaan van stereotypen mannen en vrouwen. In het bestand Oorzaken van beperkte in- en doorstroom van vrouwen[8] wordt door Karin Jettinghoff, Guurtje van Sloten en Cristel van de Ven (2005) het volgende over deze vooroordelen gezegd: Stereotype denkbeelden over mannen en vrouwen (bijvoorbeeld: vrouwen zijn zorgzaam, emotioneel en afhankelijk van anderen terwijl mannen onafhankelijk, besluitvaardig en charismatisch zijn) zorgen er voor dat mannen vaker uitdagende taken krijgen toegewezen dan vrouwen. Het uitvoeren van uitdagende taken is een belangrijke voorspellende factor voor doorstroom; In Europa wordt het algemene beeld van de ideale manager vooral gekarakteriseerd aan de hand van mannelijke eigenschappen, als charismatisch, ambitieus en ondernemend. Deze percepties maken dat men mannen vaak eerder ziet als geschikte kandidaat voor een leidinggevende functie dan vrouwen. (blz. 1) Hieruit blijkt dus dat de stereotype denkbeelden en vooroordelen leiden tot een kleinere doorstroom vrouwen naar topfuncties. Vrouwen worden door deze denkbeelden en vooroordelen minder in de mogelijkheid gesteld door te stromen. 4.1.3. Organisatiebeleid Met organisatiebeleid wordt het gevoerde beleid door bedrijven of organisaties bedoelt. Het gevoerde organisatiebeleid kan leiden tot een kleinere doorstroom vrouwen naar topfuncties wanneer er geen emancipatiebeleid wordt gevoerd, beloningsverschillen tussen mannen en vrouwen worden gehanteerd[9] en wanneer er een gebrek is aan voldoende en kwalitatieve stimulatie van vrouwen door leidinggevenden[10]. Dat het ontbreken van de uitvoering van een emancipatiebeleid en beloningsverschillen tussen mannen en vrouwen leidt tot een kleinere doorstroom vrouwen naar topfuncties, spreekt voor zich. Met het gebrek aan onvoldoende, kwalitatieve stimulatie wordt bedoelt dat wanneer ambities van vrouwen niet voldoende worden gestimuleerd, de ambitie van vrouwen daalt. Uit het onderzoek Ambitie kent geen tijd door Research voor Beleid in opdracht van TaskForce DeeltijdPlus blijkt dat wanneer je steun krijgt van je leidinggevende en bevestigd wordt in je eigen ambities, je sterkere ambities hebt.[11] Dus het gebrek aan stimulatie van ambities door leidinggevenden, kan leiden tot een kleinere doorstroom vrouwen naar de top, omdat ambities van vrouwen dan worden weggenomen. 4.1.4. Persoonlijkheid Op dit gebied komen de verschillen tussen mannen en vrouwen in persoonlijkheid naar boven. Lastig is om aan te geven wat op vooroordelen berust en welke persoonlijkheidsverschillen echt waar zijn, omdat dit ook weer van persoon tot persoon verschilt. Toch blijken sommige verschillen in karaktereigenschappen uit verschillende tests te komen en dus zal dit voor een groot deel van de mannen en vrouwen wel kloppen. Hieronder zullen een aantal verschillen in karaktereigenschappen behandelt worden om te laten zien dat ook dit invloed heeft op de doorstroom van vrouwen naar topfuncties. Vrouwen zijn minder onderhandelingvaardig. Dit wordt geconstateerd door verschillende onderzoeken. Zo ook in het artikel Wat houdt vrouwen tegen? op de website van intermediair[12] (2004): Ze hadden misschien iets andere functies, maar het ging wel om banen op hetzelfde niveau. Het bleek dus dat de mannen hun salaris gewoon beter hadden uitonderhandeld. Vrouwen zijn bang dat flink onderhandelen ten koste gaat van hun relatie met de leidinggevende. Mannen hebben daar geen last van, die willen betaald worden voor hun positie, zegt Bà ¼hrs. Sterker nog: mannen hebben waardering voor iemand die pittig kan onderhandelen. Ze zien het als een onderdeel van het spel. En daarmee raken we aan de kern van de vraag waarom zoveel vrouwen afhaken: de moeite die ze hebben met het politieke spel op kantoor. Dat vrouwen minder onderhandelingsvaardig zijn dan mannen, kan leiden tot minder vrouwen die doorstromen naar de top. Vrouwen zijn beter in minder zichtbare punten, zoals samenwerken en een goede relatie opbouwen met de tegenpartij. Mannen zijn meer gericht op het eindresultaat, vrouwen meer op de manier waarop dit eindresultaat wordt behaalt.[13] Ook blijkt uit een onderzoek van psycholoog De Pater[14], dat vrouwen wel ambitieus genoeg zijn, maar zich hier niet altijd naar gedragen. Vrouwen nemen liever niet te veel risico, waardoor ze uitdagingen vaak mijden, terwijl mannen ze juist opzoeken. Om hoger op te komen is het echter nodig om zo af en toe risicos te nemen en uitdagingen dus aan te nemen. 4.1.5. Loopbaan- en levensloopkeuzes. Het laatste soort oorzaak dat invloed heeft op het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties is de loopbaan- en levensloopkeuzes. De grootste twee oorzaken binnen dit hokje zijn dat er meer vrouwen dan mannen parttime werken en dat vooral vrouwen arbeid en zorg willen combineren.[15] De keuze om in deeltijd te gaan werken, heeft een grote invloed op het wel of niet doorstromen naar de top. Een topfuncties eist minimaal de uren van een fulltime baan en dus vallen deeltijdwerkende vrouwen af om door te groeien naar de top, tenzij zij hun arbeidspatroon zouden willen veranderen. Ditzelfde geldt voor vrouwen die werk en zorg willen combineren. 5. Quotum 5.1 Waarom zou de overheid een quotum voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties in willen stellen? Bij de

The Role of the Supernatural in Thomas Hardys Writing :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Role of the Supernatural in Thomas Hardy's Writing As a child, Thomas Hardy heard various stories of supernatural occurrences from the family servants, rustics from the village, and his own mother who believed she once saw a ghost. Thus, Hardy learned to believe in the supernatural and to accept the superstitious ways of the rustic people. During an interview with William Archer, Hardy expressed, "when I was a younger man, I would cheerfully have given ten years of my life to see a ghost, - an authentic, indubitable spectre". Because of the superstitious influence of his upbringing and his own desire to believe, elements of weirdness, superstition, and magic play an interesting role in Hardy's works. Specifically, Hardy incorporated aspects of superstition and witchcraft into his writings. Such elements provide the reader with an understanding of how Hardy perceived his world. Many small aspects of superstition exist within the writings of Hardy. In Return of the Native, the reader is introduced to Diggory Venn, the Reddleman. A reddleman unearths red clay which is used as a dye for sheep's wool. Because the reddleman works so much with this substance, his skin takes on a reddish hue and thus, red associating him with the devil, he becomes the "boogeyman " of the rustic people. Other examples of superstition include the evil eye, the magic of a sixpence, and dairy witchcraft. In his 1901 interview with Archer, Hardy stated that "The belief in the evil eye subsists in full force." Johnny Nunsuch of The Return of the Native felt safe as he carried his sixpence because the coin was supposed to bring good luck and protect against witchcraft. Johnny becomes frightened when he happens upon Diggory Venn, the Reddleman, because the child realizes that he has lost his guardian sixpence. The country people held many superstitions regarding the production of milk and cheese. The "magic" that these superstitions are based on is known as dairy witchcraft. For example, in Tess of the d'Urbervilles after Tess arrives at Talbothays, the cows cease to produce milk. The milkers blame this unexplainable phenomena on the newcomer, believing that the milk went directly to the horns of the cows. They thus resort to song as a device to start the cows milking again. Hardy uses slight witch imagery when describing his strong female characters because, according to Gayla Steel, he is hiding his examination of their independence and sexuality within these images.

Blaise Pascal :: essays research papers

Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal was born in Clermont France on June 19, 1623, and died in Paris on Aug. 19, 1662. His father, a local judge at Clermont, and also a man with a scientific reputation, moved the family to Paris in 1631, partly to presue his own scientific studies, partly to carry on the education of his only son, who had already displayed exceptional ability. Blaise was kept at home in order to ensure his not being overworked, and it was directed that his education should be at first confined to the study of languages, and should not include any mathematics. Young Pascal was very curious, one day at the age of twelve while studying with his tutor, he asked about the study of geometry. After this he began to give up his play time to persue the study of geometry. After only a few weeks he had mastered many properties of figures, in particular the proposition that the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles. His father noticed his sons ability in mathematics and gave him a copy of Euclids's Elements, a book which Pascal read and soon mastered. At the young age of fourteen he was admitted to the weekly meetings of Roberval, Mersenne, Mydorge, and other French geometricians. At the age of sixteen he wrote an essay on conic sections; and in 1641 at the age of 18 he construced the first arithmetical machine, an instrument with metal dials on the front on which the numbers were entered. Once the entries had been completed the answer would be displayed in small windows on the top of the device. This device was improved eight years later. His correspondence with Fermat about this time shows that he was then thurning his attention to analytical geometry and physics. At this time he repeated Torricelli's experiments, by which the pressure of the atmosphere could be estimated as a weight, and he confirmed his theory of the cause of barometrical variations by obtaining at the same instant readings at different altitudes on the hill of Puy-de-DÃ ´me. A strange thing about Pascal was that in 1650 he stoped all he reasearched and his favorite studies to being the study of religion, or as he sais in his Pensees, "contemplate the greatness and the misery of man." Also about this time he encouraged the younger of his two sisters to enther the Port Royal society. In 1653 after the death of his father he returned to his old studies again, and made several experiments on the

Laura Briggs Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperial

Laura Briggs' Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico In Reproducing Empire, Laura Briggs provides her readers with a very thorough history of the mainland U.S. and Puerto Rican discourses and its authors surrounding Puerto Rico and Puerto Ricans, from Puerto Rico's formation in the mainland elite's "mind" as a model U.S. (not) colony in 1898* to its present status as semi-autonomous U.S. territory. Briggs opens her book by discussing the origins of globalization in U.S. and western European colonialism, and closes with a review of her methods, in which she calls for a new focus on subaltern studies, including a (re)focus on the authors of information (who she claims as the subjects of this book) as a lens through which to circumvent the "neglect and obsessive interest†¦in the service of the imperial project in Puerto Rico" (207). Briggs identifies herself in her epilogue- "I am a US. Anglo whose ties to the island are only love and a relentless sense that that just as the history of the island is inescapably tied to the mainland, so the mainland's history is reciprocally tied to the island" (206). Briggs notes that there is an active history of dissociation of Puerto Rico as part of the U.S., and that to speak only of Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico as true Puerto Ricans, or to construct Puerto Rico as economically unconnected to the U.S. is a misconception, which has been historically employed to blame Puerto Rico for the U.S.' subordination of it. Briggs' records Puerto Rico's history as a "model," "testing site," or "laboratory' for U.S. colonial rule, centering on the ways in which this has functioned in relation to or through (control of) Puerto Rican working class women an... ... note that island organizations that supported birth control for other reasons often utilized funding from these larger foundations. *****While Briggs condemns the stance of most radical to conservative mainland organizations in terms of the sterilization/anti-sterilization debate, she notes at length the ways in which a variety of Puerto Rican activists, such as the Young Lords, circumvented the racist culture of poverty arguments and the dominant tendency to deny agency to their subjects in their political activism outside of this debate. Her judgments on the subject of engagement with a culture of poverty argument are complex, as are the usefulness of deciding what activism is better from her perspective as an academic outsider. I will return to this in terms of the potential usefulness of the intersections between internal and (external?) colonial theory.

Global Crossing Management

Global Crossing Management 1 Global Crossing Management Mary Adams MGT/330 April 6, 2010 Global Crossing Management 2 Global Crossing Management Global Crossing was founded in 1997 by Gary Winnick. They reported $3. 8 billion in revenue and $1. 9 billion in losses in 2000. Global Crossing is a leading global IP solutions provider. Global Crossing has developed the world’s first integrated global IP-based network, according to the About Global Crossing article (2010). The management of Global Crossing began the company by using all four functions of management. The planning function of management was the beginning of turning an idea into a success. According to University of Phoenix Week Two reading Planning and Strategic Management (2010), â€Å"Planning is the conscious, systematic process of making decisions about goals and activities that an individual, group, work unit, or organization will pursue in the future. † There are six steps in the planning process that Global Crossing had to use in order to plan for the company’s future. The first step in the planning process is a situational analysis. A ituation analysis is when past events are studied, current conditions are examined, and future trends are forecasted. The second step in the planning process is developing alternative goals and plans. Goals should be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound. The third step in the planning process is evaluating goals and plans. Management should evaluate the effects of Global Crossing Management 3 the goals and plans, prioritize goals, and consider implications. The fourth step in the planning process is selecting the goals and plans that are the most appropriate. This will lead to a written set of goals and plans. The fifth step in the planning process is implementing the plans. Implementing the plan requires all managers and employees to understand the plan and to be motivated to implement the plan. The sixth step in the planning process is monitoring and controlling. Monitoring and controlling is necessary in determining if the plan is successful. According to About Global Crossing (2010), some of the Global Crossing management’s plans were to provide telecommunications, deliver services globally, and employ a team of dedicated rofessionals. Many different factors influence Global Crossing’s strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning. Some of those factors are Global Crossing’s management’s strengths and weaknesses. A strong management can work well together to develop strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency plans. However, if the management team is weak, the strategic, tactical, operati onal, and contingency plans may also be weak. The economy is another factor that can influence Global Crossing’s strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning. The plans may need to be different when the economy is good than when the economy is bad. Global Crossing Management 4 Scandals within the company is a factor that can influence strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning at Global Crossing. Scandals can affect trust between employees and managers as well as affect the trust that the consumers have in the company. Global Crossing has had some scandals that have influenced management planning. These scandals have brought about legal issues, ethic issues, and corporate social responsibility ssues for Global Crossing and the future of Global Crossing. Ackman (2002) stated that Global Crossing faced issues in 2002 when the company went bankrupt. Ackman (2002) also stated that Global Crossing and Gary Winnick were charged with â€Å"dishonest accounting, fraudulent swapping of assets and liabilities, and the enrichment of top executives† even though other employees lost millions. Greed seemed to be the downfall of Gl obal Crossing. Global Crossing faced ethics issues when it was discovered that Gary Winnick and former CEO, Leo Hindery, Jr. ere involved with insider trading. Another ethics issue with Global Crossing was capacity swapping. The new management team at Global Crossing see ethics as an important part of the company and the planning process. Ethics influence management planning at Global Crossing because it plays an important part in the planning process. When planning, Global Crossing’s management planned a code of ethics and business Global Crossing Management 5 conduct plan. According to Code of Ethics and Business Conduct (n. d. ), management at Global Crossing make sure that all employees review and agree with the Code of Ethics. If employees do not comply with the Code of Ethics, they will be subject to discipline and could even be terminated. At the same time that Global Crossing was facing ethic issues within the company, they were also facing legal issues. Insider trading and capacity swapping were both illegal. Gary Winnick, Leo Hindery, Jr. , and many others faced legal charges for their illegal activities. The new management team planned the Code of Ethics and Business Conduct plan to make sure the ompany does not get involved with any illegal activities again. Corporate social responsibility is an important part of Global Crossing and the management planning process. John Legere, CEO of Global Crossing, and management and employees of Global Crossing have developed many different programs that show corporate social responsibility in their planning. It is stated in Corporate Social Responsibility (2009) that Global Caring i s a worldwide program that developed an Employee Community Day. Each employee is granted one extra day off to pursue a charitable contribution to their community. MATHNext is an education program that Global Crossing has helped by providing technology, Global Crossing Management 6 donating laptop computers, and providing videoconferencing and web-based seminars. Global Crossing also participates in Going Green. Global Crossing is a company that has faced a downfall and with a new management team, has rebuilt itself. Many different factors can influence management planning. Issues such as legal issues, ethics, and corporate social responsibility can influence management planning. These factors and issues can make a company a failure with a poor management team. The same factors and issues can also make a company a success with a strong management team. Global Crossing has been turned from a failure to a success with a strong management team and proper planning. Global Crossing Management 7 References About Global Crossing. (2010). Global Crossing. Retrieved April 25, 2010, from http://www. globalcrossing. com/company/company_landing. aspx Ackman, D. (2002). House committees to investigate Global Crossing. Forbes. com. Retrieved April 25, 2010, from http://www. forbes. com/2002/03/13/0313topnews. html Code of Ethics and Business Conduct. (n. d. ). Global Crossing. Retrieved April 26, 2010, from http://www. globalcrossing. com/docs/Ethics/GlobalCrossingCodeofConductPolicy_eng. pdf Corporate Social Responsibility. (2009). Global Crossing. Retrieved April 26, 2010, from http://www. globalcrossing. com/company/company_global_caring. aspx University of Phoenix. (2010). Planning and Strategic Management. Retrieved April 22, 2010, from University of Phoenix, Week Two reading, aXcess, MGT330-Management: Theory, Practice and Application Course Web site.

Organizational Change Plan Essay

Falls are a common cause of morbidity and the leading cause of nonfatal injuries and trauma-related hospitalizations in the United States (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). Falls can occur in home and as well as in any health care facility. In hospitals, falls consistently make up the largest single category of reported incidents, with most falls occurring as a result of medication related issues, toileting, and hospital environment conditions. With falls accounting for the leading cause of injuries in hospital, it is imperative that environment safety and fall prevention is addressed in facilities. This change plan will include the need for implementation of a fall risk assessment and fall precautions, barriers to change, factors influencing change and the readiness for change as well as resources available to support change. These changes will be implementing with the help of using, Kurt Lewin’s Change Plan Theory. Need for the Proposed Change A fall is defined as an event which there is a downward displacement of a patient’s body from a standing, sitting, or lying position that may result in injury (St Peter’s Hospital, 2012). St. Peter’s Hospital in Albany, New York, is one of the major acute care hospitals committed to promotion of patient safety. Acute care hospitals show that fall rates range from 1.3 to 8.9 falls/1,000 patient days and that higher rates occur in units that focus on eldercare, surgical, neurology and rehabilitation (â€Å"National Quality Measures Clearinghouse†, 2013). Due to the high number of patient falls and increased risk factors in the hospital it is imperative to have fall assessments and fall prevention standardized throughout the hospital. Patients’ will be provided an optimal safe environment during care based on the Environment Safety and Fall Prevention Policy and Procedure. Fall  prevention strategies are to be executed per standard of care and indivi dualized based on patient assessment within the patient plan of care. Certain patients are considered to be at a greater risk for falls. Factors such as patients who are 85 years old or older, osteoporosis, anticoagulants treatment, bleeding disorders and patients post-operative. Every patient who is admitted into the hospital is placed on universal fall precautions and nurses will further assess patients based on the Hendrich II Assessment Tool and Get-Up-and-Go Assessment. Patients are also reassessed every shift, with change in condition, after a transfer, and after a fall. The Hendrich II Fall Risk Model is used to assess a hospitalized patient’s risk of falling. Designed to be administered quickly, it focuses on eight independent risk factors: confusion, disorientation, and impulsivity, symptomatic depression, altered elimination, dizziness or vertigo, male sex, administration of antiepileptic (or changes in dosage or cessation), administration of benzodiazepines, and poor performance in rising from a seated position in the Get-Up-and-Go Assessment (Hendrich, MSN, RN, FAAN, 2007). Along with universal fall precautions, Hendrich assessment and Get-Up-and-Go Assessment, staff members should be monitoring their environment on an ongoing basis for situations that may lead to a fall, such as tubing and equipment posing as a tripping hazard. Staff members must be proactive with assisting patients with unsteady gait, need for assistive devise and patients with weakness to ensure safety. Once a patient is scored a fall risk, the nurse will initiates a fall prevention program and activate fall risk in patient’s plan of care. A yellow arm band is placed on the patient, special skid resistant slipper socks are provider to the patient and fall precaution sign is placed outside patient’s door and over the bed to ensure all staff members are aware of fall risk. Providing education on preventing falls to both family and patient, placing patients closer to the nurses’ station, providing bed alarms, sitters and hourly rounding are other measures to avoid falls. Patients who score five or greater are considered to be risk for falls and fall interventions will be initiated. Another safety measure important to prevention of falls is to include fall risks in all shift to shift reports. Barriers to Change St. Peter’s Hospital is an large organization specializing in Cardiac,  Hepatobiliary, Bariatric, Gastrointestinal and Orthopedic Surgeries. Being such a diverse large organization inconsistency throughout the hospital shows to be the major barrier to change. Other barriers are lack of employee involvement, lack of financial resources and poor communication. To overcome such barriers, an awareness of the need for an effectiveness of fall risk assessment and fall prevention program is essential. Employees, patient’s, and family members need to be aware of fall risks, fall precautions and the fall prevention program. Factors Influencing Change Increasing patient satisfaction and at the same time preventing and reducing the amount of falls on a daily basis is the key factor. Patient satisfaction is ultimately the driving force behind the changes in the hospital. If patients are not satisfied with care, they will go to another provider and thus the hospital will lose money. In order for St. Peter’s Hospital to remain ranked in the top 10 hospitals, they must ensure all patients are pleased and safe with their care. One way to make certain that the hospital patient safety increases is by implementing changes throughout the hospital to standardized the fall risk assessments and fall prevention program. In order to be successful with this change, regulatory changes will be necessary to be made in accordance with fall prevention. St. Peter’s Hospital is committed to patient’s safety and ensures all patients are provided with an optimal safe environment during care. Training is required for all employees to guarantee compliance and full understand of the fall prevention program. Evaluation of the program is another regulatory change that is necessary for the success of the program. Monitoring on a regular basis is required to determine effectiveness of program and deciding if changes should be made or modified. Factors Influencing Readiness for Change When organizational readiness for change is high, organizational members are more likely to initiate change, exert greater effort, exhibit greater persistence, and display more cooperative behavior (Weiner, 2009). Readiness requires both the capability to make change as well as the motivation to make the change. Readiness is contingent on several different factors throughout the hospital. Several factors for implementing the falls  risk assessment and fall prevention program is the high rate of falls throughout the hospital. Readiness is also determined by the financial stand point of the hospital. The hospital must be willing and able to devote extra funds to pay for increased amount of employee training and education. Theoretical Change Model: Kurt Lewin’s Change Theory Utilizing Kurt Lewin’s Change Theory can assist St. Peter’s Hospital to make the change, minimize disruption and assure that the change is adopted permanently. Lewin’s three step model of change are as follows: Unfreezing, Changing and Refreezing. Unfreezing is the readiness for change. During this phase St. Peter’s Hospital will prepare the hospital staff for the implementation of the falls risk assessment and falls prevention program. In order to prepare the hospital staff of the need for change, they must first provide information and research regarding the program and the benefits. Once unfreezing is complete, St. Peter’s Hospital would transition into the second phase known as, Change. Change is the actual implementation of the proposed change. In order to implement these changes, training will be provided and required for all employees to guarantee compliance and full understand of the fall prevention program. Evaluation and monitoring of the program will also be conducted during this phase to ensure compliance as well as understanding. Actually making the falls risk assessment and falls prevention program a permanent entity to the nursing assessment is the final stage of refreezing. During this stage, St. Peter’s Hospital will continue to offer education and support throughout the hospital to standardized the fall risk assessment and falls program. Recourses Available for Change It would be virtually nearly impossible to implement an successful change without having the necessary resources. In order to implement such a plan as the fall risk and fall prevention program, St. Peter’s Hospital must have a team of educated employees throughout the many disciplines and be able to train the remainder of the hospital with the new proposed changes. Education would be in the form of class room demonstrations, on the unit in-services in addition to hospital based website education. Finances is another major resource that is required for the change plan. Without the  proper means, the hospital is not able to pay the employees and implementation would not be in effect. Conclusion Patient education needs to be incorporated into the admission process and continue throughout the hospitalization stay. Education provides the patient with the knowledge of the importance of safety and what part he or she contributes in their care as well as risk factor identified. Fall prevention programs are designed to determine fall risk and prevention strategies while collaborating with the patient’s health care. Informing both the patient and the family will bring an understanding and mindfulness to fall prevention. Falls are devastating to both the patient and the hospital considering a single fall may result in a downward spiral of reduced mobility with a loss of function and further risk of falls. Along with proper education, fall risk assessments are vital to the fall prevention process. These fall risk assessment are implemented hospital wide and are conducted every shift, change in status, during transfers to different units and at discharge (St. Peter’s Hospital, 2012). Compliance and consistency reduces falls and the overall cost of falls throughout the hospital improving the care. References Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Falls Among Older Adults: An Overview. Retrieved from August 23, 2014, from http://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/falls/adultfalls.html Currie, D.N. Sc, M.S.N., R.N., Leanne. (n.d. ). Fall and Prevention. Retrieved August 23, 2014, from http://ncbi.nlm.gov Hendrich, MSN, RN, FAAN, Ann. (2007, November). How to Try This† Predicting Falls. AJN, 107(11), 50 National Quality Measures Clearinghouse. (2013). Retrieved August 23, 2014, from http://www.qualitymeasures.ahrq.gov/content.aspx?id=36944 Environmental Safety and Fall Prevention. (2012). Retrieved August 23, 2014, from http://www.sphcs.org/environmentalsafetyandfallprevention.org Weiner, B. J. (2009, October). A Theory of Organizational Readiness for Change . Implementation Science, 4(67)